Kaʻiana

Kaʻiana
Kamaliʻikane (Prince) of Puna, Kaʻū and the island of Kauaʻi
Tianna, a Prince of Atooi or Kaʻiana, lithograph after painting by Spoilum, 1787. in John Meares. Voyages Made in the Years 1788 and 1789
Born	Keawe-Kaʻiana-a-ʻAhuʻula 1755 Place of birth unknown
Died	May 1795 Nuʻuanu Valley
Spouses	Kekupuohi (w) Loʻe (w)
Issue	Kamakahalahalawai (k)
House	House of Keawe
Dynasty	Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku
Father	ʻAhuʻula-a-Keawe (k)
Mother	Kaupekamoku (w)
Religion	Hawaiian religion
Military career
Allegiance	Kahekili II, Kamakahelei and Kāʻeokūlani and Kamehameha I
Battles / wars	Kahekili II's conquest of Oʻahu and the Battle of Nuʻuanu

Kaʻiana, also known as Keawe-Kaʻiana-a-ʻAhuʻula,[1][2] (about 1755 – 1795[3]) was a Native Hawaiian (kānaka ʻōiwi/maoli) warrior and aliʻi (noble) of Puna, Hawai‘i,[4] who turned against Kamehameha I in 1795 during his conquest of Oahu[5] and then sided with the island's ruler, Kalanikupule.[6]

Birth, siblings and cousins

While Kaʻiana's place of birth is unknown, it is likely he was raised in Hilo.[7] His mother was Kaupekamoku (w) the granddaughter of Ahia (w) from the "I" family of Hilo, Hawaii. His father was ʻAhuʻula-a-Keawe (k), a son of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku (k).[7][1] His name is sometimes recorded with different variations; Tianna, Tyaana, Ty-e-a-naa, Tianner, and Tayanah. Through his father, he is first cousin to much of the Island of Hawaii's nobility, including Kalaniʻōpuʻu (k), Keōua (k) and Keawemaʻuhili. His mother's pedigree included her paternal heritage to Oahu and Hilo, while her maternal line is from the Maui royal family. She was half-sister to Kekaulike (k).[8]

He had two half-brothers from his mother with whom he maintained close relationships with until their deaths rebelling against Kamehameha I. Their names were Nāmākēhā (k) and Nāhiʻōleʻa (k). Their fathers were of the Maui royal family.[9] Nāhiʻōleʻa is considered one of the fathers of Kekūanaōʻa along with Kiʻilaweau (k), both husbands of Inaina (w)[10] in a tradition called poʻolua.[11] The three brothers helped conquer Oahu with Kahekili II in the early 1780s but moved to Kauaʻi after becoming dissatisfied and unsuccessfully rebelling against Kahekili.[9][12]

On March 8, 1779, either Kaʻiana-a-ʻAhuʻula or his cousin Kaʻiana Ukupe is recorded as "Taiana" traveling aboard HMS Resolution from Kauaʻi to Niʻihau on the last leg of James Cook's third and final voyage after the navigators death. The ship's surgeon David Samwell recorded that "Taiana" request to return to England with the ship was refused.[9][13] His cousin Kaʻiana Ukupe, a son of Kaolohaka (k), was the father of Kaikioʻewa, the first governor of Kauaʻi who joined forces along with others to support Kamehameha I.[14]

Kaʻiana was described by Captain John Meares in 1788: "He was near six feet five inches in stature, and the muscular form of his limbs was of an Herculean appearance". Meares also stated that he carried himself; "replete with dignity, and having lived in the habit of receiving the respect due to superior rank in his own country, he possessed an air of distinction".[15][16][17]

Kahekili II's conquest of Oʻahu

Around 1770 Peleioholani (k), the aliʻi nui or mōʻī (supreme ruler) of Oʻahu died and was succeeded by his son Kumahana (k) who was deposed by a meeting of the aliʻi (nobles) in council and replaced by Kahahana. Kumahana took his family to Kauaʻi where they were given refuge in Waimea. Kumahana's only son Kaneoneo married Kamakahelei, a queen regnant of Kauaʻi and died attempting to regain Oʻahu.[18] In 1782 Kaʻopulupulu, the kahuna nui (high priest) of Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau died, removing the last obstacle to invasion for Aliʻi Nui, Kahekili II of Maui. His forces launched from Lahaina, Maui and landed in Waikiki on Oʻahu with warriors that included Kaiʻana, Namakeha, and Nāhiʻōleʻa.[14] After Kahahana's defeat many of the forces remained on Oʻahu including Kaʻiana and his brothers. They lived at Kāneʻohe and Heʻeia on the Windward Coast of the island. After two years, there was resistance to Maui's occupation. The people of Oʻahu gained the support of some of the Maui aliʻi, most notable being Kaʻiana, Namakeha, and Nāhiʻōleʻa. The conspiracy was discovered and while many of the Maui men were killed, Kaʻiana and his brothers escaped to Kauaʻi, which was now ruled by Kamakahelei and her husband Kāʻeokūlani, a son of Kekaulike, making him a half-brother of Kahekili.[9][19]

Kauaʻi

On Kauaʻi Kaʻiana and his brothers, as well as their families, were cared for by Kāʻeokūlani. When the first Europeans to return to the islands since the death of Cook arrived, they were greeted by Kāʻeokūlani and Kaʻiana,[20][a] carrying his young daughter and accompanied by a large group of attendants.[21] HMS King George and HMS Queen Charlotte were captained by Nathaniel Portlock and George Dixon. The ships anchored off Waimea on June 19, 1786.[22] Dixon says of Kaʻiana's daughter, that she was:

"..a fine child about seven years old; .. . he treated her with a fondness truly paternal, carrying her for the most part in his arms, and when fatigued, his attendants anxiously strove which should have the honour of bearing little Miss, till the father again reassumed his pretty charge".[21]

— George Dixon, A Voyage Round the World (1789)

Portlock wrote in his journal about the first Christmas on Kauai, December 1786. He had passed out small presents to the women and children and was then surprised by gifts of pigs and fresh vegetables delivered to his ship from Kaʻiana.[23] A few months after Portlock and Dixon had left the island, in the summer of 1787, the "Nootka" arrived captained by John Meares. The ship stayed only a few months before sailing off with Kaʻiana on board.[24] Some month before, Captain Charles William Barkley arrived at Oahʻu and took aboard his ship, the Imperial Eagle, a Native Hawaiian woman or wahine. She was given a name which was an attempt at a phonetic spelling of the Hawaiian word. She was called "Wynee and served as a companion and lady's maid for Barkley's wife Frances Barkley.[25] When Dixon had returned from the Pacific Northwest, he was hoping to re-unite with Portlock and the King George at Kauaʻi in mid-September. He was told by ʻŌpūnui that another ship had arrived and left with Kaʻiana. He described Meares as "ʻeno", Hawaiian for a "wild and suspicious man" who had given no gifts in return for the provisions he was given. After his ship was provisioned Dixon returned gifts to Kāʻeokūlani of a large woollen cloak and an iron Adze. Portlock returned on October 3, 1787, but finding Dixon gone sailed on almost immediately.[24]

Voyage to Canton

On September 2, 1787, Ka'iana departed Hawai'i on John Meares' ship Nootka[26] as Meares' guest.[27] They arrived in Canton (Guangzhou) in October 1787.[28] Ka'iana also visited Macao.[29] After departing from Canton, Meares bought the ship Iphigenia. Meares gave command of the ship to William Douglas and transferred Kaʻiana to it.[28] Kaʻiana and Douglas then sailed to the Philippines[30] and the northwestern coast of North America.[29][28] The Iphigenia arrived in Maui on December 6[26] or 7,[28] 1788, where was greeted by his brother-in-law "Harwallenee" [sic]. The ship departed for Hawaiʻi, stopping at Kawaihae, Kailua and finally docking at Kealakekua Bay where they were greeted by Kamehameha I. Kaʻiana would settle on Hawaiʻi and help Kamehameha I secure a larger arsenal of Western firearms and ammunitions from visiting foreign ships to use in his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands.[31]

Kamehameha I's conquest of Oʻahu

In 1795, Kaʻiana and his brother were ordered by Kamehameha I to join him on his campaign against Kalanikūpule, the aliʻi nui of Maui and Oʻahu and the son and successor of Kahekili II.[31] Kaʻiana and Nāhiʻōleʻa would answer the call, but Nāmākēhā ignored the summons.[31]

On Oʻahu, Kaʻiana and Nāhiʻōleʻa, dissatisfied with being excluded from Kamehameha's war council, defected to Kalanikūpule and were both killed at the Battle of Nuʻuanu in 1795.[31][32]

Ancestry

v t e Kaʻiana family tree

Key- Subjects with bold titles and blue bold box= Aliʻi line. Bold title and grey bolded box= Lower ranking Aliʻi line. Bold title and un-bolded box= European nobility. Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject. Iwikauikaua (k) Keākamāhana (w) Kanaloakapulehu (k) Keākealaniwahine (w) Ka'ulahea (k) Papaikaniau Lonoikaniau Kukaniauaula (w)[i] Mauna Puoanui (k) Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku (k) Unknown ? Kekaulike (k) Kanaluihoae (k)[ii] Kuimiheua II (k)[iii] Kaupekamoku (w) Ahuula-a-Keawe (k) Kaolohaka-a-Keawe (k) Namakeha (k)[ii] Nāhiʻōleʻa (k)[iii] Kaʻiana (k)[iv] (1755 - 1796) Kaʻiana Ukupe (k) Explanatory notes and reference sources Notes: "Papaikaniau, Lonoikaniau or Kukaniauaula"[α] "Namakeha was son of the above-mentioned Kaupekamoku and Kanaluihoae, a brother or cousin of Kekaulike of Maui."[β] "Nahiolea was another son of the same above-mentioned Kaupekamoku and Kuimiheua II, a cousin of Kekaulike of Maui."[γ] "Kaiana's father was Ahaula, who was the son of Keawe, king of Hawaii, by a mother whose name is now unknown. The mother of Kaiana was Kaupekamoku, a granddaughter of Ahia, of the family of Hilo"[δ] Stokes, John F.G. (1909). Index to "The Polynesian Race" by Abraham Fornander. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1371858827. OCLC 227259228. Fornander, Abraham (1919). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. p. 288. ISBN 9781330368510. OCLC 3354092. Fornander, Abraham (1919). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. p. 288. ISBN 9781330368510. OCLC 3354092. Kalākaua, David (1976). The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. p. 400. ISBN 978-1718745308. OCLC 646861314.

Notes

1. James Jackson Jarves calls Kaʻiana a brother of Kāʻeo however, they were cousins through Kukaniauaula (w), a grandmother the two had in common that Fornander believes is the same as Papaikaniau (w).[20]

References

1. Fornander 1919, p. 288.
2. Miller 1988, p. 18.
3. Miller 1988, pp. 1–2.
4. Fornander 1880, p. 342.
5. Middleton 2005, p. 482.
6. Taylor 1922, p. 83.
7. Kalākaua 1976, p. 400.
8. Miller 1988, p. 2.
9. Miller 1988, p. 3.
10. Īī, Kawena Puku & Barrère 1983, p. 146.
11. Haley 2014, p. 79.
12. Galois 2004, p. 64.
13. Beaglehole & Cook 2017, pp. 1228–1230.
14. Fornander 1880, p. 222.
15. Meares 1791, pp. 32–33.
16. Chang 2016, p. 27.
17. Archer 2018, p. 66.
18. Fornander 1880, pp. 290–291.
19. Chang 2016, p. 2.
20. Fornander 1880, p. 230.
21. Miller 1988, pp. 3–4.
22. Fornander 1880, p. 228-230.
23. Cozad 2008, p. 6.
24. Mills 2002, pp. 69–70.
25. Tabrah 1984, pp. 24–25.
26. Judd, Bernice (1929). Voyages to Hawaii before 1860: A record based on historical narratives in the libraries of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society and the Hawaiian Historical Society, extended to March 1860. Manoa, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8248-8393-5. OCLC 1260160957.
27. Bradley, Harold Whitman (1939). "The Hawaiian Islands and the Pacific Fur Trade, 1785-1813". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 30 (3): 275–299. ISSN 0030-8803. JSTOR 40486349.
28. Dunmore, John (1991). Who's Who in Pacific Navigation. Manoa, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 81–82, 177–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp7d58v. ISBN 978-0-8248-8394-2.
29. Calnitsky, Naomi (2017). "On the "margins" of empire? Toward a history of Hawaiian labour and settlement in the Pacific Northwest". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 126 (4): 417–442. doi:10.15286/jps.126.4.417-442. ISSN 0032-4000.
30. Miller 1988, p. 6.
31. Miller 1988, pp. 14–16.
32. Kamakau 1992, pp. 173–174.

Bibliography

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• Chang, David A. (2016). The World and All the Things upon It: Native Hawaiian Geographies of Exploration. University Of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816699414. OCLC 928613654.
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