Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 5, 2011 Decided January 11, 2012
Full case name	Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School, Petitioner v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, et al.
Docket no.	10-553
Citations	565 U.S. 171 (more) 132 S. Ct. 694; 181 L. Ed. 2d 650; 2012 U.S. LEXIS 578; 80 U.S.L.W. 4056; 114 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 129; 95 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 44,385; 25 Am. Disabilities Cas. (BNA) 1057; 23 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 46
Case history
Prior	Judgement for defendant, 582 F. Supp. 2d 881 (E.D. Mich. 2008), reversed and remanded, 597 F.3d 769 (6th Cir. 2010); certiorari granted, 563 U.S. 903 (2011).
Holding
The Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment bar suits brought on behalf of ministers against their churches claiming termination in violation of employment discrimination laws.
Court membership
Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Case opinions
Majority	Roberts, joined by unanimous
Concurrence	Thomas
Concurrence	Alito, joined by Kagan
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously ruled that federal discrimination laws do not apply to religious organizations' selection of religious leaders.[1][2]

Background

In 1999, Cheryl Perich started teaching at Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School, an affiliate of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in Redford, Michigan. In addition to other duties, Perich led students in prayer and taught a religion class several days a week. In 2004, Perich left on disability and was diagnosed with narcolepsy. In 2005, after she was cleared by her doctors to go back to work, the school told her that it already hired someone else. Perich threatened to file suit, and the school promptly fired her for "insubordination and disruptive behavior".[2][3] Perich sued for unlawful dismissal under the Federal Americans with Disabilities Act.[2]

Opinion of the Court

All nine Supreme Court justices agreed with the decision written by Chief Justice John Roberts that "the Establishment Clause prevents the Government from appointing ministers, and the Free Exercise Clause prevents it from interfering with the freedom of religious groups to select their own". Moreover, because the respondent, in this case, was a minister within the meaning of the ministerial exception, the First Amendment requires dismissal of her employment discrimination suit against her religious employer. The decision explicitly left open the question of whether religious organizations could be sued for other reasons: "We express no view on whether the exception bars other types of suits, including actions by employees alleging breach of contract or tortious conduct".[2] The Court also developed multiple factors to determine whether an employee qualifies as a minister within the meaning of the ministerial exception. These factors include how the school viewed the employee, the employee's title, and whether the employee's duties included important religious functions.[4]

Concurrences

Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a concurrence, in which he eschewed the use of any specific test for determining who qualifies as a minister, writing that he would like to "defer to a religious organization's good-faith understanding of who qualifies as a minister".

Justice Samuel Alito wrote a concurring opinion, which Elena Kagan joined, stating that the word "minister" used in the decision should extend to similar titles for other religions such as rabbi for Judaism or imam in Islam.[2]

Reaction

Support

The Family Research Council expressed support for the decision. In a press release, a spokesperson for the organization stated: "We are pleased that the Supreme Court rejected the Obama administration's profoundly troubling claim of power over churches, and glad to see that the Supreme Court has stayed out of the Lutheran Church's affairs and allowed its internal rules as a body of believers to stand."[5] (While FRC criticized the "Obama Administration", President Obama actually made no comment on the case, which the government began under the George W. Bush Administration. However, the Obama Administration, namely the Justice Department, did in fact file an opposition brief[6] that asserted the ministerial exemption should be severely limited). Five days following the decision, Mitt Romney praised the decision saying, "We are very fortunate [to have people] who are willing to stand up for religious tolerance and religious liberty and the First Amendment of this Constitution in this country."[7]

Criticism

In a January 12, 2012, editorial, the New York Times concluded that the decision gave "sweeping deference to churches" which "does not serve [churches] or society wisely":[8]

Although the court does not provide much guidance on how to proceed in future lawsuits against churches as employers, the ruling has broad sweep. It abandons the court's longtime practice of balancing the interest in the free exercise of religion against important government interests, like protection against workplace bias or retaliation. With a balancing test, courts consider whether a general law, if applied to a religious institution, would inhibit its freedom more broadly than justified, and, in those circumstances, courts could exempt the church. In her brief, Ms. Perich warned that expanding the ministerial exception to include workers like her would allow a religious organization, for example, to retaliate against a teacher for reporting sexual abuse of a student to the government.[8]

Impact

In 2014, the Archdiocese of Cincinnati ordered its 2,000 teachers regardless of religion to sign a "detailed morality clause" that critics say focuses on "pelvic issues." The new contracts forbid teachers from living together, having sex outside of marriage, using in-vitro fertilization or surrogacy, exhibiting a gay "lifestyle" or any speech expressing support for these things.[9]

Two cases originating from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit have challenged the applicability of Hossana-Tabor to teachers at religious schools who have ministerial duties but lack the title or training expected for such a position, leading to the Supreme Court case Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru. The July 2020 ruling on that case relied on Hosanna-Tabor to rule in favor of the schools against the teachers.[4]

The Obama Administration's case was argued by Leondra Kruger, who at the time worked under Solicitor General Donald Verrilli. In 2022, as a candidate for the Supreme Court, this led to questions about her views on freedom of religion.[10]

See also

• List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 565
• First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County (1987)

References

1. Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012).
2. Barnes, Robert (January 11, 2012). "Supreme Court: Discrimination Laws Do Not Protect Certain Employees of Religious Groups". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
3. Felton, Ryan (January 15, 2012). "U.S. Supremes go 9-0 in Redford church-state case, but aren't exactly clear". Detroit Metro Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
4. de Vogue, Ariana (May 11, 2020). "Supreme Court examines discrimination lawsuits against religious schools". CNN. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
5. "FRC Applauds Supreme Court Ruling in Hosanna-Tabor Case". Sacramento Bee. January 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012.
6. "Justice Department's Opposition Brief" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
7. Friedman, Emily (January 16, 2011). "In Appeal to Evangelical Crowd, Romney Voices Support of Ministerial Exemption". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
8. "The Ministerial Exception". New York Times. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
9. Susan Candiotti; Chris Welch (May 30, 2014). "'Thou shalt not': Catholic teachers challenge morality clause". cnn.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
10. "Potential Supreme Court nominee faces questions on religious rights case". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.

External links

• Text of Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
• Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC at americanbar.org