A police force has been serving Hong Kong since shortly after the island was established as a colony in 1841. On 30 April 1841, 12 weeks after the British landed in Hong Kong, Captain Charles Elliot established a policing authority in the new colony, empowering Captain William Caine to enforce Qing law in respect of local inhabitants and "British Police Law" for "non-natives".[5] By October 1842, an organised police force (still under the direction of Caine who was also Chief Magistrate) was routinely bringing criminals before the courts for trial.[5]: 17 Caine's role as head of the police force ended when its first Superintendent was appointed on 22 February 1844, Captain Haly of the 41st Madras Native Infantry.[5]: 40–41 The formal establishment of the force was gazetted on 1 May 1844.[6]
During World War II, Japan occupied Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Police Force was temporarily disbanded.
The 1950s saw the commencement of Hong Kong's 40-year rise to global prominence, during which time the Hong Kong Police tackled many issues that have challenged Hong Kong's stability. Between 1949 and 1989, Hong Kong experienced several huge waves of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62. In the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Vietnamese boat people arrived in Hong Kong, posing challenges first for marine police, secondly for officers who manned the dozens of camps in the territory and lastly for those who had to repatriate them. The force was granted the use of the title ‘royal’ in 1969 for its handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming it the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.[7]
In 1974, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was created to give government wide-ranging powers to investigate corruption.[8] At the turn of the 1980s, the Hong Kong Police Force began marketing itself as "Asia's Finest".[9]
The recruitment of Europeans to the force ceased in 1994,[10] and in 1995 the Royal Hong Kong Police took responsibility for patrolling the boundary with China. Prior to 1995, the British Army had operated the border patrol. The force played a prominent role in the process of the handover of sovereignty in 1997 and continues to perform ceremonial flag-raising on each anniversary.[citation needed] With the handover of sovereignty, the police force dropped the prefix "Royal" from its name.
In the 2010s, the police force played a prominent role in relation to the 2014 Hong Kong protests and 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.[11][12] Following Chris Tang's appointment as the Commissioner of Police in November 2019, the police force changed its motto from "We serve with pride and care", which had been used for more than 20 years, to "Serving Hong Kong with honour, duty and loyalty."[13]The Economist suggested that this change would curry favour with the central government of China.[14] In July 2022, as part of a process to remove colonial aspects from the force, foot drills changed from British style to Chinese People's Liberation Army style with a goose step. The language spoken during drills changed from English to Chinese, and junior officers stopped addressing higher-ranking officers with "Yes Sir".[15][16]
During the 1940s, the HKPF faced a number of corruption scandals involving officers. During the 1950s and 1960s, the force struggled with corruption issues relating to bribes from syndicated drugs and illegal gambling operations.[17] Police corruption again emerged as a major concern in the early 1970s when the Commissioner ordered investigations to break the culture of corruption, causing forty-odd officers to flee Hong Kong with more than HK$80 million cash (about HK$2 million each).[17][18]
The Commissioner of Police serves as the commander of the HKPF and reports directly to the Secretary for Security. The HKPF is divided into six primary departments: Operations & Support, Crime & Security, Personnel & Training, Management Services, Finance, Administration & Planning, and National Security.
Police officers enjoy remuneration far exceeding median incomes in the Special Administrative Region (HK$18,000 per month in 2019[31]), the base rate for newly recruited police constables with minimal high school education being HK$24,110 per month and that for high school matriculants being HK$42,655.[32] In addition, all officers enjoy extensive housing benefits, free medical and dental benefits (including coverage of family members), with substantial vacation, sick and maternity leave allowances exceeding statutory minimums.[33]
Police welfare fund
In addition, officers and their families enjoy substantial fringe benefits through the statutorily entrenched Police Welfare Fund which has current assets exceeding HK$200 million. Attracting funds in excess of HK$50 million per annum, almost entirely donations,[34] the fund trustee, the Commissioner of Police, has unfettered freedom to choose how the funds are to be expended.[35] The Commissioner disburses the bulk of its annual expenditure in the form of cash grants to police officers and their families.[34]
Two trust funds established by statute in 1967 augment the benefits enjoyed by members of the force. The Police Children's Education Trust and Police Education & Welfare Trust disburse funds by way of scholarships, bursaries and grants for education expenses and to assist officers with needy children or in financial difficulty.[39] These funds were also the recipients of HK$10 million in 2017 from an undisclosed donor.[37]
Police associations
Numerous associations of serving and retired police officers have been formed over the years. Currently, these include:
The four serving officers' associations wield significant power, controlling half of the voting rights on the Police Force Council.[41] Government consultations with Police Force staff are formally conducted through the council[42] and the associations figure prominently at times of controversy.[43]
Ranks and insignia
The HKPF continues to use ranks and insignia similar to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. Pips were modified with the Bauhinia flower in the middle replacing the insignia from the Order of the Bath. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The rank structure, organisation and insignia are similar to those used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-1970s.[44]
Up until 1997, uniforms and hats had distinctions according to their rank. For example, senior constable and sergeant ranks are plastic ranks on the sleeve of the uniform. Special Duties Unit, Marine Police, and the Counter-terrorism Response Unit have their ranks at the back of the helmet or vest. Inspector to senior superintendent ranks have an insignia on the collar of the uniform. Chief Inspectors have a wide black stripe fitted on their police hats. Superintendents also have a small white stripe fitted on the police hat. Senior Superintendents and Chief Superintendents have a wide white stripe on their hats, Assistant and Senior Assistant Commissioners have 1 row of silver oak leaves on the edge of their hats while Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner has 2 rows of silver oak leaves, a slide with a silver vertical line on the collar of the uniform, a black baton, and a red whistle or a black and white whistle on the front right pocket.[citation needed]
Police officers in summer uniform in 1954. Everything, except for the shorts, was used until 2004 (left), Hong Kong Police Pipe Band performance in Government House (right)
Current uniform
The current Hong Kong Police uniform was implemented in 2005. Most front-line officers wear a light blue shirt and dark blue cargo trousers, while senior officers wear a white shirt.
A long-sleeved shirt is worn with a black necktie, while a short-sleeved shirt can be worn with an open collar in warm weather. A waist-length dark blue windbreaker can also be worn over the shirt in cooler temperatures.
Male officers typically wear a black peaked cap while female officers wear a black bowler hat with a red stripe. Dark-blue baseball caps may also be worn. Specialized unites wear either dark blue baseball caps or navy blue berets.
HKPF officers do not wear a badge, but instead carry a warrant card for identification. The uniform also does not include shoulder patches. Instead, a silver HKPF emblem is displayed on the headgear. The only patch on the uniform reads “Police” in English and Chinese, and is sewn above the left breast pocket of the shirt. Navy blue epaulettes worn on all uniform shirts and jackets show the officer's rank insignia (if any) and unique identification number.
Equipment
Beat officers wear a utility belt which holds a sidearm (Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 revolver) in a holster, extra ammunition (including speed-loaders), handcuffs, a telescoping baton, a can of pepper spray, and a Motorola radio with a connected remote speaker microphone attached to the shoulder. Officers are occasionally equipped with a body-mounted camera, and electric Tasers are currently being considered.[46][47]Bullet resistant vests are not regularly worn.
Criminal Investigations detectives and specialized units are equipped with a wide variety of gear suited for their missions, including less lethal weapons and a range of firearms from European and American manufacturers, such as Smith & Wesson, Glock, Heckler & Koch, Remington, and SIG Sauer.
In 2020, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, placed restrictions on the sale of police and military equipment to Hong Kong following the passing of the National Security Law. As a consequence, the HKPF — who are seeking to replace its decades-old Model 10 revolvers and MP5 sub-machine guns — are searching for suppliers elsewhere.[48][49] In testing of MP5 replacements, the HKPF has expressed disappointment with the reliability of firearms from China and the ergonomics of those from Russia.[49]
In July 2024, it's reported that the HKPF will adopt the CF98A (which itself is an derivative of the QSZ-92 used by the PLA and MPS) semi-automatic pistols to replace their aging S&W M10HB revolvers.[50] The Criminal Intelligence Bureau has adopted the CS/LS5 to replace their SIG Sauer P250DCC pistols as the latter are no longer in production and with no spare parts to source due to arms embargo imposed by the US and European countries.
Other uniforms
Traffic Branch Motorcyclists: A heavy, bright, yellow and blue reflective jacket is worn. In warmer weather, a lightweight yellow reflective vest is an alternative. Black knee-high leather riding boots are also worn with navy blue riding trousers, along with protective gear such as gloves and a white helmet. A blue baseball-style cap is worn when not riding.
Rural Patrol Unit: Cargo shirt and trousers in olive green are worn with either a dark blue baseball-style cap or a navy blue beret. Cargo shirt and trousers in Disruptive Pattern Camouflage is also sometimes worn.
Other specialized units: In some specialized units, a cargo shirt is worn in either olive green, dark blue, or disruptive pattern camouflage (depending on the unit), along with matching cargo trousers, and a navy blue beret or a dark blue baseball-style cap.
Ceremonial uniform
Ceremonial uniforms include either a white (similar to No.3 Warm weather ceremonial uniform) or navy blue tunic (similar to the old winter uniform). Sword design was based on 1897 patternBritish Army infantry officer's sword and used for formal occasions such as parade out or Legal Opening Day. They are fitted with a black whistle on the front right pocket and insignia on the collar for commissioned officers. A Sam Browne belt is also worn.
Retired uniforms
The previous uniforms were reminiscent of the British colonial era, and were replaced with what were intended to be more modern, international, and cosmopolitan uniforms in 2005.
Retired summer uniform: A short-sleeved olive green tunic-style tropical field shirt, and olive green trousers worn with a black Sam Browne belt with shoulder strap. Female officers wore a short-sleeved beige shirt with a knee-length skirt until the mid-1990s when they were given the same uniform as male officers (without the shoulder strap). Bermuda shorts were worn by male officers instead of trousers from the early 20th century until the 1970s.
Retired winter uniform: A cornflower blue (or white, for commissioned officers) shirt with a blue and red striped necktie, worn under a heavy navy blue tunic coat and a Sam Browne Belt with shoulder strap, and navy blue trousers. The tunic may be removed and shirt sleeves folded up to the elbows when working indoors or in warmer weather.
Retired headgear: Pith helmets, turbans and conical hats were worn (depending on the ethnicity of the officer) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Berets, peaked caps and bowler hats (for female officers) were introduced in the early to mid-20th century. Baseball-style caps for some specialized units were also introduced in the early 21st century.
Until 1998, all officers wore a black whistle lanyard over the left shoulder running under the epaulet with the double cord attached to a whistle tucked in to the left breast tunic pocket. Officers who had received a Commissioner of Police Commendation or HE Governor's Commendation were issued a plaited black, yellow and red lanyard for CP's Commendation, or red for Governor's.
[51][52]
Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are white, with a blue and red 3Mretroreflective stripe around on the sides of the vehicle with wording "警 POLICE 察" in white, the only exception being the armoured personnel carriers specially designed for the Police Tactical Unit, which are wholly dark blue and with wording "警 POLICE 察" on a light blue background in white on the sides of the vehicle. Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are equipped with both red and blue emergency vehicle lighting. The vehicles which are assigned to airport duties have additional yellow emergency vehicle lighting and yellow rooftops required for all airport vehicles. All police vehicles are government property and so bear license plates starting with "AM".
Since 2008, the Hong Kong Police Force have brought in the use of Battenburg markings for new police vehicles of the Traffic Branch for better visibility on the roads. In addition, these new vehicles show the Force crest on the front part of the vehicle, which the Force has not used in the design of new vehicles for the last two decades.
The Hong Kong Police Force has ordered 10 new electric scooters for their officers to help reduce pollution in central Hong Kong. Emergency Unit, Police Tactical Unit, and Traffic Police have identification markings on the back of the car. For example, PTUD 1/3 means PTU D Team 1st Team 3rd car; EUKW 23 means Emergency Unit, Kowloon West region, 23rd car; and TKW 2 means Traffic unit, Kowloon West region, second car. Until 2007, EU, PTU, and TP vehicles had identification markings in a slightly different format. For example, “1/3 PTUD”, “23 EUKW”, and “2 TKW”.[53]
Controversies
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024)
^"Borrowed time". The Economist. 23 November 2019. p. 23. Men with triad links and metal staffs entered the Yuen Long station in the New Territories looking for democracy protesters on trains. They laid into passengers indiscriminately; local police, apparently turning a blind eye, failed to respond. That incident did more than any other to discredit a police force that used to be called "Asia's finest". Today, only Mrs Lam uses the phrase.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Hong Kong – The Facts, published by the Information Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.
This is a list of defunct airlines of Venezuela.[1][2] Airline Image IATA ICAO Callsign Founded Ceasedoperations Notes ACASA 1956 1986 Aerobol 1992 2006 Aero B Venezuela 1977 1984 Aero Ejecutivos VEJ VENEJECUTIV 1975 2008 AeroLatin 1994 2000 Aerolineas Latinas 2L LTN LATINAS 1989 1994 Renamed to AeroLatin Aeronaves del Centro AG AGA 1980 1987 Aerosucre Airlines AIR SUCRE 2009 2010 Never launched Aerovenca 1987 2000 Air Margarita PW MAG AGATA 1992 1994 Air Venezuela 7Q VZA AIR VEN…
Villanova d'Asti commune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaPiedmontProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Asti NegaraItalia Ibu kotaVillanova d'Asti PendudukTotal5.487 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah41,95 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian260 m Berbatasan denganButtigliera d'Asti Dusino San Michele Isolabella Montafia Riva presso Chieri San Paolo Solbrito Valfenera Poirino Informasi tambahanKode pos14019 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0141 ID ISTAT005118 Kode kadas…
Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны о…
American politician For the Japanese railway company, see JR West. J. R. WestUnited States Senatorfrom LouisianaIn officeMarch 4, 1871 – March 3, 1877Preceded byJohn S. HarrisSucceeded byWilliam P. Kellogg3rd President of the Board of Commissioners of Washington, D.C.In officeJuly 17, 1882 – March 29, 1883Preceded byJosiah DentSucceeded byJames Barker EdmondsMember of the Board of Commissioners of Washington, D.C.In officeJuly 17, 1882 – July 22, 1885PresidentChester A. A…
Serbian actress Beba LončarLončar in a 1966 sex comedy The Birds, the Bees and the ItaliansBornDesanka Lončar (1943-04-28) 28 April 1943 (age 81)Belgrade, German-occupied SerbiaNationalitySerbianOccupationActressYears active1960–1983 Desanka Beba Lončar (Serbian Cyrillic: Десанка „Беба“ Лончар; born 28 April 1943) is a former Yugoslav film actress. She appeared in 52 films between 1960 and 1982. She was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Known for her film career duri…
Bulgarian boxer (born 1981) In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Venkov and the family name is Pulev. Kubrat PulevКубрат ПулевPulev in 2018BornKubrat Venkov Pulev (1981-05-04) 4 May 1981 (age 43)Sofia, BulgariaOther namesThe CobraStatisticsWeight(s)HeavyweightHeight1.94 m (6 ft 4+1⁄2 in)[1]Reach202 cm (79+1⁄2 in)[1]StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights34Wins31Wins by KO14Losses3 Medal record Men's amateur boxing Rep…
Australian actress (born 2000) Milly AlcockAlcock in 2022BornAmelia Alcock (2000-04-11) 11 April 2000 (age 24)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaOccupationActressYears active2013–present Amelia Milly Alcock (born 11 April 2000) is an Australian actress. She received an AACTA Award nomination for her performance in the Foxtel comedy-drama Upright (2019–2022). She gained wider recognition for starring as young Rhaenyra Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series House of the Dragon (2022). …
Indian actress (b. 1946) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Aruna Irani – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Aruna Ira…
Forte MalatestaVeduta della Fortezza.UbicazioneStato Stato Pontificio Stato attuale Italia RegioneMarche CittàAscoli Piceno IndirizzoVia delle Terme, 6 - Ascoli Piceno Coordinate42°51′10.28″N 13°35′07.21″E42°51′10.28″N, 13°35′07.21″E Informazioni generaliStileRinascimentale Inizio costruzione1540 su edifici precedenti CostruttoreAntonio da Sangallo il Giovane Condizione attualeben conservato e restaurato Visitabilesi Sito webSito ufficiale del Museo Informazioni mi…
Star in the constellation Fornax For other stars with this Bayer designation, see γ Fornacis. γ1 Fornacis Location of γ1 Fornacis (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) Constellation Fornax Right ascension 02h 49m 50.96219s[1] Declination −24° 33′ 37.1290″[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 6.154[2] Characteristics Spectral type G9 III[3] B−V color index 1.081&#…
American mixed martial artist Frank MirMir in 2013BornFrancisco Santos Miranda (1979-05-24) May 24, 1979 (age 45)Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.Height6 ft 3 in (191 cm)Weight262 lb (119 kg; 18 st 10 lb)DivisionHeavyweightReach79 in (201 cm)StanceSouthpawFighting out ofLas Vegas, Nevada, U.S.TeamSyndicate MMATrainerJohn Wood[1]Carl Prince[1]Robert DrysdaleRankBlack belt in Kempo Karate[2]Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Rica…
Ceremony placing a ship in active service This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations f…
Governor of Wisconsin since 2019 For the character from the Rocky films, see Tony Duke Evers. Tony EversEvers in 202246th Governor of WisconsinIncumbentAssumed office January 7, 2019LieutenantMandela BarnesSara RodriguezPreceded byScott Walker26th Superintendent of Public Instruction of WisconsinIn officeJuly 6, 2009 – January 7, 2019GovernorJim DoyleScott WalkerPreceded byElizabeth BurmasterSucceeded byCarolyn Stanford Taylor Personal detailsBornAnthony Steven Evers (1951-11-05) …
هذه المقالة عن مؤتمر الحوار الوطني الشامل (2013-2014). لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الحوار اليمني (توضيح). مؤتمر الحوار الوطني الشامل تفاصيل القمة الدولة اليمن تاريخ الانعقاد 18 مارس 2013 إلى 25 يناير 2014. (10 أشهر). مكان الانعقاد فندق موفنبيك، صنعاء. جزء من الأزمة السياسية اليمنية المشار…
Prison religion includes the religious beliefs and practices of prison inmates, usually stemming from or including concepts surrounding their imprisonment and accompanying lifestyle.[1] Prison Ministry is a larger concept, including the support of the spiritual and religious needs of prison guards and staff, whose work in an often demanding and brutal environment often creates a special need for pastoral care, similar to the care that is extended to the military, police officers and fire…
2017 video game by Skydance Interactive 2017 video gameArchangelDeveloper(s)Skydance InteractivePublisher(s)Skydance InteractiveEngineUnreal Engine 4Platform(s)Oculus RiftMicrosoft WindowsPlayStation VRReleasePlayStation VRJuly 18, 2017Oculus Rift, PCAugust 2, 2017Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-playerArchangel is a virtual reality first-person shooter game for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Oculus Quest, developed and published by Skydance Interactive.[1] A free update titled Arc…
American record producer from California (born 1983) Flying LotusFlying Lotus in 2008Background informationBirth nameSteven D. Bingley-Ellison[1]Also known asFlyLoCaptain MurphySteveBorn (1983-10-07) October 7, 1983 (age 40)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OriginWinnetka, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Genres Electronic[2] avant hip-hop[3] nu jazz[4] wonky[5] IDM[6] progressive rap[7] Occupation(s) Record producer DJ rapper songwriter filmma…
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2020年2月23日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 圣基茨和尼维斯联邦Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis（英語） 国旗 国徽 格言：Country Above Self (英语)“…
.jpg)
![[icon]](File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
