Himalayan salt is rock salt (halite) mined from the Punjab region of Pakistan. The salt, which often has a pinkish tint due to trace minerals, is primarily used as a food additive to replace refined table salt but is also used for cooking and food presentation, decorative lamps, and spa treatments. The product is often promoted with unsupported claims that it has health benefits.
Geology
Himalayan salt
Himalayan salt is mined from the Salt Range mountains,[1] the southern edge of a fold-and-thrust belt that underlies the Pothohar Plateau south of the Himalayas in Pakistan. Himalayan salt comes from a thick layer of Ediacaran to early Cambrianevaporites of the Salt Range Formation. This geological formation consists of crystalline halite intercalated with potash salts, overlain by gypsiferous marl and interlayered with beds of gypsum and dolomite with infrequent seams of oil shale that accumulated between 600 and 540 million years ago. These strata and the overlying Cambrian to Eocenesedimentary rocks were thrust southward over younger sedimentary rocks, and eroded to create the Salt Range.[2][3][4]
History
Local legend traces the discovery of the Himalayan salt deposits to the army of Alexander the Great.[5] However, the first records of mining are from the Janjua clan in the 1200s.[6] The salt is mostly mined at the Khewra Salt Mine in Khewra, Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, which is situated in the foothills of the Salt Range hill system between the Indus River and the Punjab Plain.[1][7][8] It is primarily exported in bulk, and processed in other countries for the consumer market.[5]
Himalayan salt crystals
Mineral composition
Himalayan salt is a table salt. There is a common misconception that Himalayan salt has lower sodium than conventional table salt, but the levels are similar.[9] Analysis of a range of Khewra salt samples showed them to be between 96% and 99% sodium chloride, with trace presence of calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and sulfates, all at varying safe levels below 1%.[1][10][11][12]
Some salt crystals from this region have an off-white to transparent color, while the trace minerals in some veins of salt give it a pink, reddish, or beet-red color.[13][14]
Nutritionally, Himalayan salt is similar to common table salt.[12][15] A study of pink salts in Australia showed Himalayan salt to contain higher levels of a range of trace elements compared to table salt, but that the levels were too low for nutritional significance without an "exceedingly high intake", at which point any nutritional benefit would be outweighed by the risks of elevated sodium consumption.[16] One notable exception regards the essential mineraliodine. Commercial table salt in many countries is supplemented with iodine, and this has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency.[17] Himalayan salt lacks these beneficial effects of iodine supplementation.[18][19]
Uses
Himalayan salt is used to flavor food. Due mainly to marketing costs, pink Himalayan salt is up to 20 times more expensive than table salt or sea salt.[20] The impurities giving it its distinctive pink hue, as well as its unprocessed state and lack of anti-caking agents, have given rise to the unsupported belief that it is healthier than common table salt.[15][19][21] There is no scientific basis for such claimed health benefits.[18][12][21][22][23] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administrationwarned a manufacturer of dietary supplements, including one consisting of Himalayan salt, to discontinue marketing the products using unproven claims of health benefits.[24]
Slabs of salt are used as serving dishes, baking stones, and griddles,[25] and it is also used to make tequilashot glasses.[26] In such uses, small amounts of salt transfer to the food or drink and alter its flavor profile.[27]
Salt lamp
It is also used to make salt lamps that radiate a pinkish or orangish hue, manufactured by placing a light source within the hollowed-out interior of a block of Himalayan salt.[28] Claims that their use results in the release of ions that benefit health have no scientific foundation.[15][29] Similar scientifically unsupported claims underlie the use of Himalayan salt to line the walls of spas, along with its use for salt-inhalation spa treatments.[15] Salt lamps can be a danger to pets, who may suffer salt poisoning after licking them.[30]
^ abcQazi Muhammad Sharif; Mumtaz Hussain; Muhammad Tahir Hussain (December 2007). Viqar Uddin Ahmad; Muhammad Raza Shah (eds.). "Chemical evaluation of major salt deposits of Pakistan"(PDF). Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. 29 (26). Chemical Society of Pakistan: 570–571. Archived(PDF) from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
^Jaumé, Steven C.; Lillie, Robert J. (1988). "Mechanics of the Salt Range-Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold-and-thrust belt underlain by evaporites". Tectonics. 7 (1): 57–71. Bibcode:1988Tecto...7...57J. doi:10.1029/TC007i001p00057.
^Grelaud, Sylvain; Sassi, William; de Lamotte, Dominique Frizon; Jaswal, Tariq; Roure, François (2002). "Kinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar Basin (Pakistan): a new scenario". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 19 (9): 1127–1139. doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6.
^Richards, L.; King, R. C.; Collins, A. S.; Sayab, M.; Khan, M. A.; Haneef, M.; Morley, C. K.; Warren, J. (2015). "Macrostructures vs microstructures in evaporite detachments: An example from the Salt Range, Pakistan". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 113: 922–934. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.04.015. S2CID129485400.
^Abrar ul Hassana; Ayesha Mohy Udd Din; Sakhawat Alib (2017). "Chemical Characterisation of Himalayan Rock Salt". Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences. 60: 67–71.
^Schwarcz, Dr Joe (2019-10-08). A Grain of Salt: The Science and Pseudoscience of What We Eat. ECW Press. p. 281. ISBN978-1-77305-385-1. As is often the case with nutritional controversies, pseudoscience slithers into the picture. In this case it is in the form of "natural" alternatives to table salt with insinuations of health benefits. Himalayan salt, which is composed of large grains of rock salt mined in Pakistan, is touted as a healthier version because it contains traces of potassium, silicon, phosphorus, vanadium, and iron. The amounts are enough to color the crystals, giving them a more "natural" appearance, but are nutritionally irrelevant. Some promoters make claims that are laughable. Himalayan salt, they say, contains stored sunlight, will remove phlegm from the lungs, clear sinus congestion, prevent varicose veins, stabilize irregular heartbeats, regulate blood pressure, and balance excess acidity in brain cells. One would have to have a deficiency in brain cells to believe such hokum. It doesn't even rise to the level of taking it with a grain of salt.
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