Hatton Compton

Hatton Compton (died 22 January [O.S. 12 January] 1741[1][2]) was an English army officer who served as Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1713 to 1741[3] and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets from 1715 to 1717.

Family and personal life

Hatton Compton's funerary hatchment in St Mary's Church, Grendon, with arms of Compton and Nicholas.[4]

Hatton Compton was one of three sons and two daughters of Sir Charles Compton, of Grendon and Sywell in Northamptonshire, and his first wife, Mary, sister of Sir William Fermor, 1st Baronet of Easton Neston, also in Northamptonshire.[5] Sources differ on Hatton's date of birth: Dalton says 1661,[6] Edwards that he was the eldest son of a father who died in 1661;[5] Adam Williamson that he was "in his ninetieth year" in 1741, giving a birth year of 1651–2;[7] Arthur Collins that he died "aged upwards of 80";[8] an 1887 marriage licence index gives his age as 35 on 17 May 1698.[9] Sir Charles Compton was the younger brother of the 3rd Earl of Northampton.[1][8][5] Hatton Compton inherited Grendon Hall from his father and substantially extended it.[10]

In honour of his late father's loyalty to Charles II during the Interregnum, Hatton Compton was recommended as Knight of the Royal Oak.[5] On 18 January 1686 Compton and William Seymour were injured fighting a duel arranged after Seymour's great-uncle Henry had rejected a challenge from Compton's cousin the 4th Earl of Northampton, triggered by Henry's foiling of Northampton's wooing of his stepdaughter, the dowager Countess of Conway.[11]

In 1698 Compton married his cousin Penelope Nicholas, daughter of MP Sir John Nicholas.[6] At this time he settled the manor of Lavendon in Buckinghamshire, after the death of Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, who had mortgaged the manor to Sir Charles Compton in 1653.[12] Penelope and Hatton had three sons and a daughter:[8]

• Charles (died 21 November 1761) a fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1742.[13][14] Adam Williamson said he shared his father's "miserable disposition",[7]
• Edward (died 4 October 1769[15]), cashier of the half-pay officers and later Deputy Paymaster of the Forces Abroad in Amsterdam during the War of the Austrian Succession;[8][16] his son William (1733–1824) was chancellor of the Diocese of Ely[12][17]
• James, married Frances Riggs of New York City in 1736; their daughter Penelope in 1778 married John Pennington, 1st Baron Muncaster[18]
• Mary (born c. 1708), third wife (17 February 1748) of Thomas Gooch, bishop and Master of Gonville and Caius College[14][19]

As executor of the will and testament of his uncle, bishop Henry Compton (died 1713), Hatton Compton consigned the Benedictional of St. Æthelwold to William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire;[2] of Henry's five advowsons in Colchester, Hatton gave three to Balliol College, Oxford, of which the bishop had been visitor, and sold two to his successor John Robinson.[20] Compton lived in Soho; in Dean Street from 1713 until 1728,[21] when he moved to a house in Great Marlborough Street given by Mary Dutton, widow of George FitzRoy, Duke of Northumberland.[22] Adam Williamson, Compton's subordinate at the Tower of London from 1722, wrote after his death that "He had lived the last two years in a sort of Stupidity, and allwais in a Most close and avaritious Manner".[7]

Army service

Compton was a cornet in the Royal Horse Guards on 1 July 1685 in the troop of his uncle, Sir Francis Compton.[23][6] During the Glorious Revolution, the cornet was an early supporter of the future king William III; about 7 November 1688, conspirators who met at his lodgings in St. Alban's Street, Westminster, included generals Percy Kirke, John Churchill and William Stewart, and bishops Henry Compton and William Sheridan.[24] On 20 November Compton with some of his men (variously numbered as 14,[25] "between 30 and 50",[26] or "about 200"[27]) en route to Salisbury deserted James II for William at Honiton, even as his uncle and commander Sir Francis vacillated; his actions are mentioned in Francis Gwyn's diary.[28] For this he was cursed in the Jacobite ballad "The Belgick Boar",[29] but made a Groom of the Bedchamber by William from 6 July 1689 until the king's death in 1702.[30]

Compton was made guidon and major of the 3rd Troop of Horse Guards in 1691 and promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1692.[6] In retreat after the 1693 Battle of Landen, Compton prevented the capture of king William,[6][31] and he was breveted as colonel on 16 February 1694.[6][32] He was promoted to brigadier on 7 March 1702,[6][32] major general on 1 January 1704,[23][32] and lieutenant general on 1 January 1707.[6][32] He retired from the Guards in 1718.[6]

Tower service

In 1712 Compton's cousin, the 4th Earl of Northampton, was appointed as Constable of the Tower, the ceremonial governor of the Tower of London. That December, Northampton dismissed William Cadogan as Lieutenant of the Tower of London, the deputy office to the Constable. Within a month he appointed his cousin Hatton Compton as Cadogan's replacement.[33][1] Northampton was Lord-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets,[34] an office usually conferred on the Constable, but in August 1713, Compton disputed Northampton's authority to appoint William Nicholas as his agent for the muster of the Tower Hamlets militia to celebrate the Treaty of Portsmouth.[35] In 1715 Northampton stood down as Constable and Lord-Lieutenant. On 29 July 1715, Hatton Compton was appointed Lord-Lieutenant but not Constable.[36][37]

On 16 October 1715 Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, recently resigned as First Lord of the Treasury, was appointed Constable,[38] but Compton remained as Lord Lieutenant to continue supervising the militia in the heightened security situation around the Jacobite rising. On 21 September 1715 Compton wrote to the Privy Council that "there is no Horse belonging to the Tower Hamlets, but two very strong Regiments of Foot; and [they] are ready to march when his Majesty pleases" and that he had ordered "the searching for, and seizing of Papists, Jacobites, and Non-Jurors".[39] On 26 October he launched a loyalist defence association in the Tower Hamlets, which by November claimed over 3000 members.[40]

Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford was imprisoned by Compton, after his 1715 impeachment, in a part of the Tower occupied by the Royal Mint, causing Isaac Newton, then Master of the Mint, to complain at the encroachment.[41] Edward Harley, the auditor of the imprests and brother of the earl, said of Compton "the Character of this man is so very mean that the best that can be said of him is, he is very fully qualified for a jailer".[23] The House of Lords' command to deliver Jacobite lords Derwentwater and Kenmure to Westminster Hall for impeachment was addressed to Compton as "Lieutenant of the Tower" but it was his subordinate, Col. Robert d'Oyly, "Deputy-Governor of the Tower" who escorted the prisoners from the Tower on 9 February 1716.[42] When the Earl of Nithsdale escaped from the Tower, Compton jailed his warders; when the Earl of Winton escaped, he blamed the warders' "wilfulness of carelessness" and said only the Constable had the authority to dismiss them.[43]

Carlisle succeeded Compton as Lord-Lieutenant on 19 July 1717,[38][44] after the Indemnity Act 1717 had freed most remaining Jacobite prisoners. Compton remained Lieutenant of the Tower until his death.[2]

Sources

• Dalton, Charles (December 1910). George the First's army 1714–1727. Vol. 1. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
• Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, ed. (1887). "Papers relating to the Tower of London 1712 to 1719". The Manuscripts of the Marquess Townshend. Reports. Vol. 11 Appendix Pt 4. HMSO. pp. 209–223. C-5060-III.
• Williamson, Adam; Fox, John Charles (1912). The official diary of Lieutenant-General Adam Williamson, deputy-lieutenant of the Tower of London, 1722–1747;. Vol. XXII, 3rd series. London: Camden Society.
• Wright, C. E. (1963). "The Benedictional of St. Ethelwold and Bishop Henry Compton". The British Museum Quarterly. 27 (1/2): 3–5. doi:10.2307/4422801. ISSN 0007-151X. JSTOR 4422801.

References

1. Williamson and Fox 1912 p. 185
2. Wright 1963 p. 3
3. Williamson and Fox 1912 p. 21
4. Markham, Christopher A. (1910). "Hatchments". Reports and Papers Read at Meetings of the Architectural and Archaeological Societies of the Counties of Lincoln and Nottingham, County of York, Archdeaconries of Northampton and Oakham, County of Bedford, Diocese of Worcester and County of Leicester. xxx (II): 719–720.
5. Edwards, E. R. (1983). "Compton, Sir Charles (c.1624-61), of Grendon and Sywell, Northants.". In Henning, B.D. (ed.). The House of Commons 1660-1690. History of Parliament. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 9 March 2023 – via History of Parliament Online.
6. Dalton 1910 p.97 note 2
7. Williamson and Fox 1912 p. 104
8. Collins, Arthur (1756). "Compton, Earl of Northampton". Peerage of England. Vol. II (3rd ed.). London. p. 219.
9. Chester, Joseph Lemuel (1887). Armytage, George J. (ed.). Allegations for marriage licences issued by the bishop of London, Part II: 1611 to 1828. Harleian Society Publications. Vol. 26. Harleian Society. p. 323.
10. "Grendon Hall, Grendon". Historic England. 1040746. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
11. Wilson, John Harold (1976). Court satires of the Restoration. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. 157–158, note 39. ISBN 978-0-8142-0249-4.
12. Page, William, ed. (1927). "Parishes : Lavendon". A History of the County of Buckingham. Vol. 4. London: Victoria County History. pp. 379–387. Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via British History Online.
13. Nichols, John (1967) [1812]. "Essays and Illustrations; VI: Charles Compton, Esq.". Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century. Vol. II. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 549. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107448575.008.
14. Venn, John (1897). Biographical history of Gonville and Caius college, 1349-1897; containing a list of all known members of the college from the foundation to the present time, with biographical notes. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
15. Musgrave, William; Armytage, George J. (George John) (1900). Obituary prior to 1800; Part II. Visitation Series. Vol. 45. London: Harleian Society. p. 51.
16. "Money paid to Duke of Arenberg". Journals of the House of Commons. 24: 638. 3 April 1744.
17. • Stevenson, William (1817). "Chancellors; No. 29". A supplement to the second edition of Mr. Bentham's History & antiquities of the cathedral & conventual church of Ely. Norwich: Stevenson, Matchett, and Stevenson. p. 14.
    • Venn, J. A. (John Archibald); Venn, John (1922). Alumni Cantabrigienses. Vol. Pt I Vol I. Cambridge University Press. p. 378.
    • Walpole, Horace (1937). Correspondence (PDF). Vol. 2. Yale University Press. p. 51 note 7. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
18. Ruvigny and Raineval. Marquis of (1905). "Table XX branch H". The Plantagenet roll of the blood royal; being a complete table of all the descendants now living of Edward III, King of England. Vol. Clarence. London and Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack. p. 17.
19. Cokayne, George Edward (1906). "Gooch : cr. 4 Nov. 1746 ; II: 1751". Complete Baronetage. Vol. V: 1707–1800. Exeter: William Pollard. p. 92.
20. Baggs, A P; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N R; Pugh, R B; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C C (1994). "Churches". In Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R (eds.). The Borough of Colchester. A History of the County of Essex. Vol. 9. London: Victoria County History. pp. 309–336. Retrieved 8 March 2023 – via British History Online.
21. Sheppard, F H W, ed. (1966). "Dean Street". St Anne Soho. Survey of London. Vol. 33–34. London: London County Council. pp. 128–141 – via British History Online.
22. Sheppard, F H W, ed. (1963). "No. 54 Great Marlborough Street". St James Westminster, Part 2. Survey of London. Vol. 31–32. London: London County Council. pp. 250–267. Retrieved 8 March 2023 – via British History Online.
23. Wright 1963 p. 5 note 3
24. Childs, John (25 February 2014). General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army. A&C Black. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4411-1803-5.
25. Smith, Hannah (2021). Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660–1750. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-885199-8.
26. Childs, John (25 February 2014). General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4411-1803-5.
27. Carpenter, Edward (1956). The Protestant bishop, being the life of Henry Compton, 1632-1713, Bishop of London. London, New York: Longmans, Green. p. 131.
28. Gatty, Charles T. (1 September 1886). "Mr. Francis Gwyn's Journal". The Fortnightly Review. 40 (ccxxxvii). Chapman and Hall: 361.
29. Scott, Sir James Sibbald David (1880). The British Army: Its Origin, Progress, and Equipment. Vol. 3. Cassell, Petter, Galpin. p. 573. O Compton! Langston! and the rest, / Who basely from him ran; / Your names for ever be accurs'd, / By every Englishman!
30. Bucholz, Robert. "Index of Officers-C" (PDF). The Database of Court Officers 1660-1837. Loyola University of Chicago. Compton, Hatton Groom of the Bedchamber 6 June 1689 (LC 3/31, p. 9). Vac. 8 Mar. 1702 on d. of William III.
31. Cannon, Richard (1837). Historical Record of the Life Guards: Containing an Account of the Formation of the Corps in the Year 1660 and of Its Subsequent Services to 1835. Adjutant General's Office, Horse Guards. p. 105.
32. Chamberlayne, Edward (1726). Magnae Britanniae Notitia. D. Midwinter, J. Tonson, B. Motte, J. Wotton, J. Crokatt, T. Osborn, and J. Shuckburgh. p. 129 Part II Book III No. 30.
33. Beaven, Alfred B. (25 July 1908). "Replies: Constables and Lieutenants of the Tower of London". Notes and Queries. Ser. 10 Vol. X (239): 71 no. 8.
34. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts 1887 "The Earl of Northampton's case as to the Custos Rotulorum of the Tower Hamletts." pp. 210-211
35. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts 1887 1713 July 28th to Augt. 12th pp. 217-219
36. Dalton 1910 p.231
37. "No. 5350". The London Gazette. 26 July 1715. p. 5.
38. Goodwin, Gordon (1891). "Howard, Charles (1674-1738)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. pp. 7–8. page8 = He [Howard] was also constable of the Tower of London (16 Oct. 1715–29 Dec. 1722), lord-lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets (12 July 1717-December 1722)
39. Dalton 1910 p.244 note 14
40. "Tower Hamlets". The Political State of Great Britain. 10: 456–457. November 1715.
41. Iliffe, Rob; Mandelbrote, Scott. "Complaint about encroachments on Mint jurisdiction". Newton & the Mint. University of Oxford. MINT00823. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
42. "Proceedings in the British Parliament". The Political State of Great Britain. 11. J. Baker and T. Warner: 196. February 1716.
43. Sankey, Margaret (8 September 2017). Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion: Preventing and Punishing Insurrection in Early Hanoverian Britain. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-92578-5.
44. "No. 5556". The London Gazette. 16–20 July 1717. p. 2.

Honorary titles
Preceded by William Cadogan	Lieutenant of the Tower of London 1713–1741	Succeeded by Lord Harry Powlett
Preceded by Earl of Northampton	Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets 1715–1717	Succeeded by Earl of Carlisle