The Gülen movement or Hizmet movement (Turkish: Gülen hareketi / Hizmet hareketi) is an Islamist fraternal movement. It is a sub-sect of Sunni Islam based on a Nursian theological perspective as reflected in Fethullah Gülen's religious teachings. It is referred to by its members as the "Service" ("Turkish: Hizmet") or "Community" ("Turkish: Cemaat") and it originated in Turkey around the late 1950s. It is institutionalized in 180 countries through educational institutions as well as media outlets, finance companies, for-profit health clinics, and affiliated foundations that have a combined net worth in the range of 20-50 billion dollars as of 2015.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][excessive citations]
Its teachings are considered conservative in Turkey but some have praised the movement as a pacifist, modern-oriented version of Islam, and an alternative to more extreme schools of Islam such as Salafism.[9] On the other hand it has also been reported to have a "cultish hierarchy" and as being a secretive Islamic sect.[10][11][12] The movement is also known for initiating forums for interfaith dialogue.
The Gülen movement is a former ally of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP). When the AKP came to power in 2002 the two groups formed an alliance against military and the Turkish secular elite despite their differences.[13][14] It was through this alliance that the AKP secured national electoral victories sufficient to form majority governments consecutively in 2002, 2007, and 2011. During this time hundreds of Gülen supporters were appointed to positions within the Turkish government.[15]
Once the old establishment had been defeated, disagreements emerged between the AKP and the Gülen movement. The first breaking point was the so-called ″MİT crisis″ in February 2012 which has been interpreted as a power struggle between the AKP and the pro-Gülen police and judiciary.[16][17][18] After corruption investigations in 2013 into the alleged corrupt practices of several politicians and family members of the ruling AKP of Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan claimed the movement had initiated the investigations as a result of a break in previously friendly relations.[19][20][21][22] President Erdoğan said Gülen had attempted to overthrow the Turkish government through judicial coup using the investigations. In response the government seized the group-owned newspaper Zaman, which was one of the most circulated newspapers in Turkey, as well as several companies that have ties to the group.[23]
Since May 2016, the Gülen movement has been classified by Turkey as a terrorist organization under the names Fethullahist Terrorist Organization (Turkish: Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü) (FETÖ) and Parallel State Structure (Turkish: Paralel Devlet Yapılanması) (PDY).[24] The movement has also been designated as a terrorist organization by Pakistan, Northern Cyprus, and the Gulf Cooperation Council.[25][26][27] After the failed coup attempt in July 2016, the government blamed the group for the coup and authorities arrested thousands of soldiers and judges. Other members of the group who worked for Turkey’s governmental agencies were dismissed and over ten thousand education staff were suspended and the licenses of over 20,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked due to their affiliation to Gülen.[28][29] Gülen condemned the coup and denied any involvement.[30][31]
Scandals and allegations
Bombing of Şemdinli Bookstore, 2005
On 9 November 2005, a bookstore was bombed in Şemdinli. The prosecutor for the case, Ferhat Sarıkaya, prepared a criminal indictment in which Turkey's Commander of Land Forces, Yaşar Büyükanıt, was accused of forming a gang and plotting the bombing. In 2016 Sarıkaya confessed that he was ordered by Gülenists to include General Yaşar Büyükanıt in the criminal indictment to prevent his promotion in the army and to ease the pressure on Gülenist structures within the army.[32] The defendants, Ali Kaya, Özcan İldeniz, and Veysel Ateş, were acquitted of the bombing on 20 December 2021.[33]
Allegations have been made about the role of the Gülen movement in the assassination of journalist Hrant Dink in Istanbul. Hakan Bakırcıoglu, one of Hrant Dink's lawyers, said in an interview with Deutsche Welle that the under-aged perpetrator, Ogün Samast, had help from third parties, including people connected to the Istanbul and Trabzon police forces.[34]
Four prosecutors in the trial were dismissed from their posts due to their ties with the movement and for failing to make progress with the case. Furthermore, police commissioners Ramazan Akyürek and Ali Fuat Yılmazer were accused of not sharing their foreknowledge of the attack with the prosecutors, gendarmarie, or the intelligence services despite being briefed of a planned assassination several times.[35]
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in the Ergenekon investigation,[36] which critics characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[37]
According to investigative journalist Nedim Şener, the Gülen movement used the assassination of Hrant Dink, the assassination of priest Andrea Santoro, the Zirve Publishing House murders as well as other events, to create the illusion of a clandestine Kemalist ultra-nationalist organization responsible for these events. With the start of the Ergenekon trials, this alleged organization was called "Ergenekon terrorist organization". The Gülen affiliated media, in particular Taraf, Zaman, and Samanyolu Haber TV, were instrumental in shaping the public opinion during this time. In these court cases, military officials, parliamentarians and journalists were accused of plotting a violent coup to oust the government. It was later revealed that these cases were based on fabricated evidence, most of which was produced by the Gülenists in the police.[38] Later Nedim Şener was arrested for being a member of the Ergenekon organization and was held in pre-trial detention in 2011.[39]
The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) has said were illegal court decisions against members of the Turkish military, including many during the Ergenekon investigation. These claims were also supported by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan after 2013. [40]
Sex and corruption tapes, 2010
Members of the Gülen movement inside the intelligence agency have been accused of reshaping Turkish politics to a more "workable form" by leaking secretly filmed sex tapes and corruption tapes of members of the government, with the resignation of main opposition leader Deniz Baykal in 2010 as the most notable example.
To date, these allegations remain unsubstantiated, and no court case has been brought.
The Imam's Army, 2011
In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including Ahmet Şık, who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (The Imam's Army),[41] which states that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it [the movement] gets burned!".[42] Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot despite investigating the plot before his arrest.[43]
In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen aligned newspaper Today's Zaman, said Ahmet Şık was not an investigative journalist conducting "independent research", but was hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself".[44]
On 17 December 2013, an investigation into corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) of Turkey was uncovered, resulting in widespread protests and calls for the resignation of the government led by Prime Minister Erdoğan.[19][20] Due to the high level of political influence of the Gülen movement in Turkey, it was rumored that the investigation was facilitated by the movement's influence in the Turkish police force and the judiciary.[21] The investigation was said to be a result of a break in the previously friendly relations between the Islamist-rooted government and the movement.[22]
President Erdoğan and the AKP (the ruling party of Turkey) have targeted the movement since December 2013. Immediately after the investigation became public, the government subjugated the judiciary, media and civil society which were critical of the government's authoritarian trend in recent years.[45][46][47] Erdoğan labelled the investigations as a "civilian coup" against his government. Since then, Erdoğan has shuffled, dismissed or jailed hundreds of police officers, judges, prosecutors and journalists in the name of fighting against a "Parallel State" within the Turkish state.
Media arrests, 2014
On 14 December 2014, Turkish police arrested more than two dozen senior journalists and media executives connected with the Gülen movement on various charges.
The US State Department cautioned Turkey to not violate its "own democratic foundations" while drawing attention to the raids against media outlets "openly critical of the current Turkish government".[48][49]EU Foreign Affairs chief Federica Mogherini and EU Enlargement Commissioner Johannes Hahn said that the arrests went "against European values" and "are incompatible with the freedom of media, which is a core principle of democracy".[50]
The Turkish government took over the Gülen affiliated Zaman Daily, on 4 March 2016. Turkish police entered the headquarters by force and fired tear gas at protesting journalists and civilians. Hundreds of protestors were injured.[51][52] In their effort to eradicate the movement from within the country the Turkish National Security Council has identified the movement as the "Gülenist Terror Organisation" ("Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü", FETÖ).[53] The government has also been targeting individuals and businessmen who have supported the movement's organizations and activities.
Eavesdropping on state offices, 2015
On 20 January 2015, Turkish police launched raids in Ankara and three other cities, detaining some 20 people suspected of illegally eavesdropping on President Erdoğan and other senior officials. The suspects are linked to Turkey's telecommunications authority and to its scientific and technological research center TUBITAK. Local media said the move was aimed at the "parallel structure" — the term Erdoğan uses to refer to Gülen's supporters in the judiciary, police and other institutions.[54]
Collaboration with PKK
Since 2013, the Gülen movement has been accused by the Turkish government of collaborating with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[55] In 2014 the movement reportedly conducted several meetings with the PKK in parts of northern Iraq under PKK control. In 2015, the Turkish government said the movement had leaked the identity of 329 Turkish Gendermarieinformants to the PKK who were then executed by the PKK.[56]
On 15 April 2016, during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict according to the testimony of his companions Gülen movement member Brigadier General Ali Osman Gürcan deliberately sent 17 soldiers to a house that was packed with IEDs. This led to the death of one police officer and the wounding of eight soldiers. The house had been marked on a map with the code 'P368' for IED's, which Gürcan erased from the map. This lead to a brawl and his companions called him a "traitor". Gürcan later participated in the coup d'état attempt under the Peace at Home Council. He was arrested after the coup's failure and sentenced to life imprisonment.[57]
15 July 2016 coup attempt
In reaction to the 15 July 2016 coup attempt which was led by a military faction operating outside the chain of command, the Turkish government quickly stated the coup's leader to be Gülen. In following days and weeks, a massive crackdown affected all entities affiliated with the Gülen movements, from individuals to businesses, newspapers and schools.[58]
Purges from state offices
Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens and closed more than 1,500 nongovernmental organizations, primarily for alleged ties to the Gülen movement.[59] In 2018, approximately 25,000 Turkish asylum requests were filed by alleged Gülenists in the European Union (a rise of 50% from 2017), with Germany's share 10,000 and Greece's about 5,000.[60] In the U.S., according to news reports, a number of Gülenists who have successfully receiving political asylum status resettled in New Jersey.[61]
In 2019, it was reported that Interpol had denied Turkey's appeals of the rejection of Turkey's red notice requests regarding 464 fugitives. The decision cited Interpol's definition of the 2016 coup d'état attempt as a failed military putsch rather than an act of terrorism.[62]
Extradition of Gulen
Despite Turkey's official request, the United States has not extradited Gülen.[citation needed]
Extradition of the leadearship
As of 2020[update], Turkey had successfully pressured a number of countries, especially those in Africa and the former Soviet Union, to extradite over 80 alleged Gülenists to Turkey.[63][64]
Among Turkish citizens within Turkey that have been convicted for membership in the Gülen movement are Turkey's honorary president of Amnesty International, Taner Kilic, and Amnesty's Turkish branch, Idil Eser, who were convicted in July 2020.[75]
In June 2021, the Turkish-Kyrgyz educator and head of the Sapat educational network in Kyrgyzstan, Orhan Inandi, went missing from Bishkek, leading to mass protests. Inandi, who holds dual Turkish-Kyrgyz citizenship, had been living in Kyrgyzstan since 1995.[76] One month later, Turkish President Erdoğan said on July 5 that Turkish intelligence agents had abducted Inandi and accused him of being “a top central asian leader” of the Gülen movement.[77] Kyrgyz officials have denied claims they colluded with Turkish intelligence in the abduction.[76]
Designation as a terrorist group
Gülen movement is a designated terrorist group according to the following countries and international organizations:
Northern Cyprus, recognised only by Turkey and considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus, also designated the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization in July 2016.
In 2017, according to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the British Parliament's Foreign Affairs Select Committee there was no "evidence to justify the designation of the Gülenists as a terrorist organisation by the UK".[79] The same year, Gilles de Kerchove, the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator, said that the European Union didn't see the Gülen movement as a terrorist organisation and that the EU would need "substantive" evidence to change its stance.[80] In 2018, in a conference with Turkish President Erdoğan, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany needed more evidence to classify the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization.[81]
Following the assassination of Andrey Karlov, the Turkish government was reportedly investigating the assassin's links to the "Gülenist Terrorist Organisation" (FETÖ). In a speech, Turkish PresidentErdoğan said that the perpetrator was a member of FETÖ.[82][83]
The movement has been characterized as a "moderate blend of Islam".[91][92] Sources state that the Gülen movement is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, one that is more reasonable than many of its rivals.[93] The movement builds on the activities of Gülen, who has won praise from non-Muslims for his advocacy of science, interfaith dialogue, and multi-party democracy. It has earned praise as "the world's most global movement".[94] Fethullah Gülen's and the Gülen movement's views and practices have been discussed in several international conferences.[95][96]
Interfaith dialogue
The movement's avowal of interfaith dialogue grew out of Gülen's personal engagement in interfaith dialogue which was largely inspired by, Said Nursi. Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including Pope John Paul II, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.[97] Gülen advocates for cooperation between followers of different religions as well as those practicing different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism or Alevism).
Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that promote interfaith and intercultural dialogue activities. Among these are the Journalists and Writers Foundation in Istanbul, the Rumi Forum in Washington and the Indialogue Foundation in New Delhi.
Devotional practices
David Tittensor wrote, "[Detractors] have labeled Gülen community members as secretive missionaries, while those in the Movement and sympathetic observers class it as a civil society organization".[98]
Critics have complained that members of the Gülen movement are overly compliant with the directions from its leaders,[99] and Gülen's "movement is generally perceived by its critics as a religio-political cult".[100] The Guardian editorial board described the movement in 2013 as having "some of the characteristics of a cult or of an Islamic Opus Dei".[101]
Scholars such as Simon Robinson disagree with the characterization, writing that although "[t]here is no doubt that Gülen remains a charismatic leader and that members of the movement hold him in the highest respect", the movement "differs markedly from a cult in several ways", with Gülen stressing "the primacy of the scriptures" and "the imperative of service" and consistently avoiding "attempts to institutionalize power, to perceive him as the source of all truth, or to view him as taking responsibility for the movement".[102] Zeki Saritoprak says that the view of Gülen as "a cult leader or a man with ambitions" is mistaken, and contends that Gülen should be viewed in the context of a long line of Sufi masters who have long been a center of attention "for their admirers and followers, both historically and currently".[103]
Relations to the state
The Gülen movement works within the given structures of modern secular states; it encourages affiliated members to maximize the opportunities those countries afford rather than engaging in subversive activities.[104] In the words of the leader himself and the title of a cornerstone of his philosophy, Gülen promotes "an Ottoman Empire of the Mind".[105]
Beginning in 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands in response to questions from Parliament. The first two investigations, performed by the AIVD, concluded that the movement did not form a breeding ground for radicalism and found no indications that the movement worked against integration or that it was involved in terrorism or religious radicalization. A further academic study sketched a portrait of a socially conservative, inwardly directed movement with an opaque organizational structure, but said that its members tend to be highly successful in society and thus form no threat to integration.[106]
Relations to politics
Neither Gülen nor his followers have formed a national political party, but they have had political involvement or parliamentary representation. In 2008, Gülen was described as "the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition", reassuring his followers, including many members of "Turkey's aspirational middle class", that "they can combine the statist-nationalist beliefs of Atatürk’s republic with a traditional but flexible Islamic faith" and "Ottoman traditions [have] been caricatured as theocratic by Atatürk and his 'Kemalist' heirs".[107] In the early 2000s, the Gülen movement was seen as keeping a distance from established Islamic political parties.[108]
According to academic researcher Svante E. Cornell, director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, "With only slight exaggeration, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) as well as the government it has led could be termed a coalition of religious orders."[109]
"[...T]he Gülen movement stayed away from electoral politics, focusing instead on increasing its presence in the state bureaucracy. The Hizmet movement’s stated success in this regard would initially make it Erdoğan’s main partner, but also his eventual nemesis."[110]
Freedom of speech
Der Spiegel criticized the movement regarding its activities towards freedom of the press. Despite Gülen emphasizing how much he cares of the freedom of the press in interviews, the movement launched a campaign towards the newspaper in 2012, after an article was written regarding the "cult", in which approximately 2000 readers wrote letters of complaint to the press council. These letters were all alike each other, and thus were all rejected. Der Spiegel said the movement distorted events, threatened those who spoke against it, and accused Der Spiegel of having ties to the Turkish mafia. While Gareth Jenkins of The Sunday Times said, despite portraying itself as a peaceful educational movement, the Gülen organization never hesitates to use anti-democratic and anti-liberal methods.[111]
Membership
"It is impossible to calculate the size of the Gülen movement" since the movement is not a centralized or formal organization with membership rosters, but rather a set of numerous, loosely organized networks of people inspired by Gülen.[112] Estimates of the size of the movement vary, with one Tempoin 1997 stating that between 200,000 supporters and 4 million people are influenced by Gülen's ideas,[113] and another source stating that Gülen has "hundreds of thousands of supporters".[114] The membership of the movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, academics, journalists and other professionals.[8]
Organization
The movement states that it is based on moral values and advocacy of universal access to education, civil society, tolerance and peace. The emphasis among participants is to perform "service" (which is the meaning of the Turkish word "hizmet") as arising from individuals' personal commitments to righteous imperatives. Along with hizmet, the movement, which has no official name, is termed the Gülen movement or cemaat (the latter also used to describe participants in Sufi orders, meaning "congregation," "community," or "assembly.")
The movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[115]
Lay clergy (Imam-Mullah-Shaykh)
The movement skirted Kemalist Turkey's prohibitions against assembling in non-state sponsored religious meetings. (As a young man, future President Erdoğan belonged to the Naqshbandi tariqa which was then technically banned in Turkey.[116])
Akin to Turkey's Sufi tariqas are lay religious orders which have been banned in Turkey since 1925.[117] Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[118] Each local Gülen movement school and community has a person designated its "informal" prayer leader (Imam). In Turkey Imam is state-sponsored. In the Gülen movement, this individual is a layman who serves for a stint within this volunteer position, lay clergy. His identity is kept confidential, generally only purposely made known to those with close connections to those participating in decision-making and coordinating councils within the local group. Above a grouping of such "secret" (not-publicly-acknowledged) imams is another such volunteer leader. This relationship tree continues on up the ladder to the nation-level imam and to individuals who consult with Gülen himself.[119] These individuals closest to Gülen, having degrees from theology schools, are offhandedly referred to within the movement as mullahs.[120] Gülen's position, as described in the foregoing, is analogous to that of a shaykh (master) of a Sufi tariqa. Unlike with traditional tariqas, no-one makes pledges of any sort, upon joining the Gülen movement; one becomes a movement participant simply by working with others to promote and effect the movement's objectives of education and service.[121]
In 2017, German magazine Der Spiegel called the movement a "secretive and dangerous cult" while calling Gülen a suspicious individual. Saying, "the movement calls itself a tolerant service movement, while those who have left the movement call it a secretive Islamist organization with Fethullah Gülen as its leader". The article said pupils attending the "cults" schools in Germany were under immense pressure from their abi's (tutors) who were telling them which books to read, which movies to watch, which friends to meet and whether to see their families or not. While the abi's were keeping a protocol of all those staying in the cult's dormitories.
The Süddeutsche Zeitung quoted a German lawyer that called the organization "more powerful than the Illuminati" and "not transparent as opposed to the claims", and reported that the organization tried to reorganize in the Swabia region of Germany.[122]
Associated organizations
Gülen and the Gülen movement are technology-friendly, work within current market and commerce structures, and are savvy users of modern communications and public relations.[107]
Its members have founded schools, universities, an employers' association, charities, real estate trusts, student organizations, radio and television stations, and newspapers.[114]
Hizmet-affiliated foundations and businesses were estimated to be worth 20-50 billion dollars in 2015.[123]
Schools associated with the Gülen movement can be found in countries with large populations of people of Turkish descent as well as in predominantly non-Turkish Muslim countries where they provide families with an alternative to madrasa education. There were many Gülen schools in Turkey that an estimated 1.2 million Turks passed through (Including many of Erdoğan's relatives).[124] However after the attempted coup in 2016, all of the schools were shut down and banned by law.
In 2009, it was estimated that Gülen linked schools around the world enrolled more than 2 million students.[37] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions but it appears there were about 300 Gülen Movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide at that time.[125][126] Later reporting by the Wall Street Journal estimated around 150 schools just in the United States, "ranging from networks in Texas, Illinois and Florida to stand-alone academies in Maryland".[127] Although there is no formal networking of all the schools, collectively they form one of the largest collections of charter schools in America."[128]
Most Gülen movement associated schools are private schools or charter schools. The curricula of the schools vary from country to country but they generally follow a secular mixture of Turkish and local curricula with an emphasis on science and math. A 2008 article in the New York Times said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer", and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.[91] However in America, "there is no indication the American charter network has a religious agenda in the classroom", according to The Philadelphia Inquirer.[129]
Two American professors at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia and Temple University wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the Hizmet movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".[130] Professor Joshua Hendrick of Loyola University Maryland, who studies the movement, said that Gülen himself "does not have a direct hand in operating" the charter schools and it was reported that Gülen has never visited the schools.[127][131] Alp Aslandoğan, director of the Alliance for Shared Values said that the schools are independent yet indirectly tied to the Gülen movement on the "intellectual or inspirational level."[132]
In Europe there has been some pushback to the establishment of schools associated with the movement. In Georgia, the Georgian Labour Party protested schools opening on the basis that they "aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas".[133] In the Netherlands, there were concerns that the schools would promote "anti-integrative behavior" however an investigation in 2010 by the AIVD intelligence organization found that the schools did not represent a threat.[134][135]
In America there have been allegations and investigations into money-laundering and kickbacks at charter schools connected to the Gülen movement which receive federal financial support.[136][137] Schools in Texas were accused of sending school funds to Gülen associated organizations by prioritizing construction contracts with Turkish expatriate-owned construction companies over more economical bids, according to reporting by The New York Times in 2011.[138]Folwell Dunbar, an official at the Louisiana Department of Education, accused Inci Akpinar, vice president of one such construction company, of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep quiet about troubling conditions at the Abramson Science and Technology School in New Orleans which was operated by the Pelican Foundation.[139]
The movement runs charity and humanitarian aid organizations internationally. Among them is the Istanbul-based Kimse Yok Mu Association (KYM). KYM organizes charity campaigns to help those in need in different parts of the world. Like any other activities of the Gülen-movement, KYM runs local projects responding to specific needs. KYM holds UN Ecosoc Special status.
Another charity organization Embrace Relief was established in New Jersey and is active in America, Asia and Africa.[143]
Professional associations
While being both praised and criticized for being market friendly, the Gülen movement has established various professional associations and business networks. Among them Istanbul based TUSKON is the major non-profit business confederation which aims to promote economic solutions as well as social and political ones. Another one called TUCSIAD is based in China, in addition to DTIK's Asia-Pacific Group which supports the Gülen movement outside of Turkey in China, hoping to influence Turkish politics from the outside.[citation needed]
1999 – Gülen went to the United States because of the accusations in Turkey and many lawsuits filed against him and his health problems. Gülen currently resides in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.[19]
2004 – Establishment of Kimse Yok Mu (Is Anybody There?), a charitable organization;[153] 2010, receives "special" NGO status with United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[154]
2012 – Journalists and Writers Foundation (Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfi) receives "general consultative status" as a Non-Governmental Organization of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations.[156]
^Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014. In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
^Details can be found in English on the site of the Democratic Turkey Forum; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.
^Bulent Temel, Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union" in The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey (ed. Bülent Temel: Lexington, 2014), p. 375.
^Simon Robinson, "Building Bridges: Gulen Pontifex" in Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam (ed. Martin E. Marty: University of California Press, 2015), p. 78.
^Zeki Saritoprak, "Muslim Perception of Fethullah Gulen and the Hizmet Movement: Accommodating or Hindering Modern Turkey?" in Alternative Islamic Discourses and Religious (eds. Carool Kersten & Susanne Olsson: Ashgate, 2013), p. 70.
^"Tiraj" [circulation]. Medyatava. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
^Fuchs Ebaugh, Helen Rose (2009). The Gulen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam. Springer. p. 89.
^Salih, Yucel (December 2013). "Muslim-Christian Dialogue: Nostra Aetated and Fethullah Gulen's Philosophy of Dialogue". Australian eJournal of Theology: 200.
^Michel S.J., Thomas (October–December 2007). ""Fethullah Gulen and Pope John Paul II: "Two Frontrunners for Peace"". Dialogue Asia-Pacific (14): 6–8.
^Niagara Foundation. "History Niagara Foundation". Niagara Foundation. The Niagara Foundation was created in 2004 by a group of Turkish-American businessmen and educators in order to realize the vision of their spiritual leader, Fethullah Gulen, himself a Turkish Muslim scholar and poet, as well as an educational and humanitarian activist. Today the Niagara Foundation is active in nine Midwestern states with 22 branches.
"Expulsions, pushbacks and extraditions: Turkey's war on dissent extends to Europe: The Gülenists, dubbed by Turkey as FETO, the Fethullahist Terror Organization, are being purged on a massive scale. Those who have been accused include scientists, schoolteachers, policemen and journalists" (broadcast with transcript). The World. Public Radio International. 23 July 2020.
Mustafa Akyol (7 December 2017). "Gulenists Speak Out at Last". Al-Monitor. - a review of former Hizmet participants' scholarly commentary about the movement
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Questa voce sull'argomento Nazioni Unite è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Commissione economica per l'America Latina e i Caraibi(EN) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ES) Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe(PT) Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe sede dell'ECLAC a Santiago del Cile AbbreviazioneECLAC TipoOrganismo regionale Affiliazi…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Art of the Devil 2 (Long Khong)Salah satu dari lima poster film Thai.SutradaraPasith Buranajan Kongkiat Khomsiri Isara NadeeSeree PhongnithiYosapong PolsapPutipong SaisikaewArt ThamthrakulProduserCharoen IamphungpornDitulis olehKongkiat KhomsiriYosapong …
Soviet prototype fighter aircraft Yak-19 A Yak-19 in flight Role Fighter aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Yakovlev Designer Alexander Yakovlev First flight 8 January 1947 Status Prototype Number built 2 The Yakovlev Yak-19 (Russian: Як-19, USAF/DOD designation Type 7)[1] was a prototype Soviet fighter built in the late 1940s. It was the first Soviet aircraft to be equipped with an afterburning turbojet, the Klimov RD-10F that was derived from the German Jumo 004 engine. Only two e…
2023 documentary film by Rob Sixsmith Ice Cold: Murder, Coffee and Jessica WongsoPromotional posterDirected byRob SixsmithProduced by Jessica Lee Chu En Joe Yaggi - Field Producer Bince Mulyono - Production Coordinator Cinematography Charlie Balch Anggi Frisca Patrick Lavaud Jaye Neo Yadi Sugandi Edited byRazin RamziProductioncompanyBeach House PicturesDistributed byNetflixRelease date 28 September 2023 (2023-09-28) Running time86 minutesCountries Indonesia Singapore Languages Ind…
2013 American filmThe Disappearance of Eleanor RigbyTheatrical release posterDirected byNed BensonWritten byNed BensonProduced by Cassandra Kulukundis Ned Benson Jessica Chastain Todd J. Labarowski Emanuel Michael Starring Jessica Chastain James McAvoy Nina Arianda Viola Davis Bill Hader Ciarán Hinds Isabelle Huppert William Hurt Jess Weixler CinematographyChristopher BlauveltEdited byKristina BodenMusic byRyan Lott (under the alias Son Lux)Productioncompanies Division Films Dreambridge Films M…
Italian painter and sculptor (1921 – 2019) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Som…
La neutralità di questa voce o sezione sull'argomento religiosi è stata messa in dubbio. Motivo: Voce biblica i cui toni enfatici delle diverse sezioni oltre a non mettere in opportuno rilievo la netta differenza fra il personaggio biblico e il personaggio della tradizione cattolica associato a volte a leggende, usa una persona di giudizi che non ha riscontro nelle note. Le note attualmente in voce riguardano infatti esclusivamente i riferimenti biblici al libro di Atti, una esclusività …
Indian scientific research and development organization Not to be confused with the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research or the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchParent institutionMinistry of Science and TechnologyFounder(s)Arcot Ramasamy MudaliarShanti Swaroop BhatnagarEstablished26 September 1942; 81 years ago (26 September 1942)PresidentPrime Minister of IndiaDirector GeneralN. Kalais…
Railway station in Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture, Japan Shin-Takaoka Station新高岡駅The south side of Shin-Takaoka Station in January 2017General informationLocation1790-2 Shimokuroda, Takaoka CityToyama PrefectureJapanCoordinates36°43′37″N 137°00′43″E / 36.726971°N 137.011845°E / 36.726971; 137.011845Operated by JR WestLine(s) Hokuriku Shinkansen ■ Jōhana Line Distance305.8 km (190.0 mi) from TakasakiPlatforms3 side platforms (2 Shinkansen)Track…
1415–1577 Muslim sultanate in the Horn of Africa This article is about the sultanate in the Horn of Africa. For the historic region, see Adal (historical region). This article contains too many quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (April 2024) Sultanate of Adalسلطنة عدل (Arabic)1415–1577 The combined three banners used by Ahmad al-Ghazi's forcesThe Adal Sultanate in c. 1540Capital …
Voce principale: Unione Calcio Sampdoria. Unione Calcio SampdoriaStagione 1985-1986 Sport calcio Squadra Sampdoria Allenatore Eugenio Bersellini Presidente Paolo Mantovani Serie A12º posto Coppa ItaliaFinale Coppa delle CoppeOttavi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Bordon (30)Totale: Bordon (46) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Mancini, Vialli (6)Totale: Mancini (12) StadioLuigi Ferraris Abbonati10106 1984-1985 1986-1987 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le info…
Religious movement, founded in 1970 by Nirmala Srivastava Sahaja YogaFounderNirmala Srivastava (aka Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi)Established5 May 1970Practice emphaseskundalini, meditation, self-realization[1] Sahaja Yoga (सहज योग) is a religion founded in 1970 by Nirmala Srivastava (1923–2011).[2] Nirmala Srivastava is known as Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi (trans: Revered Immaculate Mother) or simply as Mother by her followers, who are called Sahaja yogis.[3][4…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع عمدة (توضيح). عمدةالتسمية للأنثى عمدة فرع من القائمة ... السلطةمنصب عامسياسي محلي[1][2]منصب منتخبرئيس حكومةرئيس مدينة النوع منصب تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات العُمدَة أو رئيس البلدية (بالإنجليزية: Mayor) هو المسؤول الأعلى رتبة في حكو…
Genus of flowering plants HornbeamTemporal range: 49.42–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Ypresian - Recent European hornbeam foliage Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Betulaceae Subfamily: Coryloideae Genus: CarpinusL. Synonyms[1] Distegocarpus Siebold & Zucc Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the plant genus Carpinus in the family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across…