The son of a bishop, Gregory was educated, ordained, and later stationed at Narekavank on the southern shores of Lake Van (modern Turkey). Scholars consider Gregory the most beloved and significant theological and literary figure of the Armenian religious tradition.
He is best known for his Book of Lamentations, a significant piece of mystical literature which serves as a confessional prayer book in many Armenian religious households. His works have inspired many Armenian literary figures and influenced Armenian literature in general throughout the ages.
Life and background
Scholars place Gregory's birth and death dates circa 945–951 and 1003 or 1010–11, respectively, and Armenian by nationality.[d] He lived in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan, a medieval Armenian kingdom, which is "notable for the high cultural level that it achieved."[16] Vaspurakan, centered around Lake Van, is a region described by Richard Hovannisian as "the cradle of Armenian civilization".[17]
Little is known about his life. He was born in a village on the southern shores of Lake Van, in what is now eastern Turkey, to Khosrov Andzevatsi, a relative of the Artsruni royal family.[18] Khosrov was ordained a bishop after being widowed and was appointed primate of the diocese of Andzevatsik.[19] His father was suspected of pro-Byzantine Chalcedonian beliefs, a doctrine not accepted by the Armenian Apostolic Church,[11] and was eventually excommunicated by Catholicos Anania Mokatsi for undermining the Armenian Church with his interpretation of the rank of Catholicos, the highest rank in Armenian church clergy, as being equivalent to that of a bishop, a lower rank in Christian churches, based on the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a fifth-century Greek Christian theologian and mysticist.[20] Grigor and his elder brother Hovhannes were sent to the Narekavank (lit. the monastery of Narek), where he was given religious education by Anania Narekatsi (Ananias of Narek). The latter was his maternal great-uncle, a celebrated scholar and the monastery's founder. Being raised in an intellectual and religious fervor, Grigor was ordained priest in 977 and taught others theology at the monastery school until his death.[15][21]
Whether Gregory led a secluded life has become a debate among Armenian scholars. Both literary critic Arshag Chobanian and scholar Manuk Abeghian believe he did. In contrast, literary critic Hrant Tamrazyan [hy] argued that Gregory was very well aware of the secular world and his time, had a deep knowledge of both peasants and princes and the complexities of the world. Tamrazyan believes he could not have lived solely on literary ecstasy.[22]
Gregory was buried inside the walls of the monastery of Narek. A rectangular-shaped chapel-mausoleum was built on his tomb,[8][4] which survived until the mid-20th century, when the monastery, abandoned in the aftermath of the Armenian genocide, was destroyed by the Turkish authorities, and later replaced with a mosque.[23][24][25]
Works
Book of Lamentations (Narek)
The Book of Lamentations (Classical Armenian: Մատեան ողբերգութեան, Matean oghbergut’ean) is widely considered Gregory's masterpiece.[26] It is often simply called Narek (Նարեկ).[27][28] Completed towards the end of his life, circa 1002–03,[21][29] the work has been described as a monologue, a personal lyric and confessional poem, mystical and meditative.[30] It comprises 95 chapters and over 10,000 lines.[8] Almost all chapters (except two) are titled "Words unto God from the Depths of My Heart".[29] The chapters, which are prayers or elegies, vary in length, but all address God. The central theme is the metaphysical and existential conflict between Gregory's desire to be perfect, as taught by Jesus, and his realization that it is impossible and between the divine grace and his sense of one's unworthiness to receive that grace. However, the love and mercy of God's all-embracing, all-forgiving, and amazing grace compensate for man's unworthiness.[31][32]
The book is considered a masterpiece of Christian spiritual literature.[12]Helen C. Evans described it as "one of the world’s great mystical poems."[33] It has been described by Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. as the "most beloved work of Armenian literature."[34] It has been historically kept in Armenian homes.[35][36] Scholars have described its popularity among Armenians as second to the Bible.[e] For centuries, Armenians have treasured the book as an enchanted treasure and have attributed to it miraculous powers. For instance, one passage has been read to the ill expecting a cure.[39][28]Malachia Ormanian, scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople, wrote that Narek is "written in a florid and sublime style, is regarded as a potent talisman against all kinds of dangers."[40] In the 21st century, psychiatrist Armen Nersisyan has claimed to have developed a unique type of therapy based on the book, which can cure many diseases, at least partly.[41]
The book's first complete publication was done by Voskan Yerevantsi in Marseille, France, in 1673.[42][43] While the first complete commentary was published in Constantinople in 1745.[44] The work has been translated into English, Russian, French,[45]Arabic,[46]Persian,[47] Lithuanian,[48] Latvian,[49] Estonian.[50] There are three English translations of the book, with the first one appearing in 1977.[51][52][53][54]
Commentary on the Song of Songs
Gregory's second most known extant work is a commentary on the Song of Songs (Մեկնութիւն երգոց երգոյն Սողոմոնի, Meknut’iun ergots’ ergoyn Soghomoni), written in 977, the year he was ordained a priest.[55][30] The commentary was written at the behest of prince Gurgen-Khachik Artsruni of Vaspurakan.[56] Gregory makes frequent use of St. Gregory of Nyssa's Letters on the Song of Songs.[57] The commentary contains explicit condemnation of marriage and sexuality practices by Tondrakians, an Armenian Christian sect named as heretics by the Armenian Apostolic Church.[58] Gregory may have been commissioned to counter these heretical teachings.[58] Armenian author Ara Baliozian describes the commentary as a prose masterpiece.[28]
Other works
There is also a single extant manuscript of a commentary by Gregory on chapters 38 and 39 of the Book of Job.[59] Gregory also wrote hymns, panegyrics on various holy figures, homilies,[30][21] numerous chants and prayers that are still sung today in Armenian churches.[28]
Scholars have noted that Gregory often departs from the standards of the Armenian and Greek traditions of panegyrics and encomia and innovates in interesting and distinctive ways.[60] Of particular importance are his two recensions of the encomium on the Holy Virgin,[61] in which he affirms the doctrines of Mary's bodily Assumption (verap’okhumn), perpetual virginity, and perhaps the Immaculate Conception.[62]
The encomium on the Holy Virgin was written as part of a triptych requested by the bishop Step’anos of Mokk’.[63] The other two panegyrics forming this set are the History of the Holy Cross of Aparank’,[64] which commemorates the donation of a relic of the True Cross to the monastery of Aparank’ by the Byzantine emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, and the Encomium on the Holy Cross.[65] By focusing on the cross, both of these panegyrics counter Tondrakian rejection of veneration of the cross and other material objects.[66] Here again, as in the rest of Gregory's corpus, the saint defends orthodoxy against the Tondrakians and other heretical movements. Gregory also wrote a panegyric on St. Jacob of Nisibis, a fourth-century Syriac bishop who has been and remains today highly esteemed among Armenians.[67] Gregory also has is an encomium on the Holy Apostles.[68]
Gregory also authored around two dozen tagher (lays or odes), which are the first documented religious poems in Armenian literature, and spiritual songs called gandz, both in verse and prose.[69][70] Gregory also composed music for his odes, but they are not considered sharakans (chants).[69]
Many of the festal odes and litanies as well as the panegyrics have been translated to English and annotated by Abraham Terian.[71]
Outlook and philosophy
The central idea of Gregory's philosophy is eternal salvation relying solely upon faith and divine grace, and not necessarily upon the institutional church, in which his views are similar to those of the 16th century ProtestantReformation.[73] This interpretation of Gregory as a precursor of Protestantism has more recently been challenged.[74] Gregory may have been suspected of heresy and being sympathetic to the Paulicians and Tondrakians—two major sects in medieval Armenia.[73] He notably wrote a treatise against the Tondrakians in the 980s,[75] possibly to clear himself of accusations of being sympathetic to their movement.[69] In the treatise, he states some of his theological views.[76] Although Gregory does not mention the Tondrakians in the Book of Lamentations, some scholars have interpreted certain chapters as containing anti-Tondrakian elements.[77] Other scholars have pointed out that the Book of Lamentations is dominated by the theme of the centrality of the sacraments, especially baptism, reconciliation, and the Eucharist, and thus directly opposes Tondrakian deprecation of the sacraments.[78] In his struggle against the antinomian Tondrakians, Gregory followed his predecessor at the monastery of Narek—his great-uncle Anania, who was condemned for his alleged Tondrakian beliefs.[20]
According to Ara Baliozian, Gregory broke from Hellenistic thought, which was dominant among the Armenian intellectual elite since the 5th-century golden age.[28] He was instead profoundly influenced by Neoplatonism.[79] In fact, the Narek school was instrumental in instilling Christian Neoplatonism in Armenian theology, particularly concepts such as divinization, the attainment of the power of spiritual vision or discernment through penitential purification of the inner and outer man, and a symbolic exegetical methodology.[80] He may have been influenced by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a pivotal author in Christian Neoplatonism, although this view has been challenged.[81][82] Vache Nalbandian argued that Gregory's outlook is essentially anti-feudal and humanistic.[83]
The tone of the Book of Lamentations has been compared to that of Confessions by Augustine of Hippo.[84] Some scholars have compared Gregory's worldview, and philosophy to those of later Sufi mystic poets Rumi and Yunus Emre,[85][86][87] and 19th century Russian writers Fyodor Dostoevsky[88] and A. K. Tolstoy.[89] Michael Papazian, a scholar of Gregory, opined that he is "what you'd get if you crossed Augustine and James Joyce. But his spirituality is also infused with the simple piety of the Desert Fathers; and, although he lived before him, there’s an element of St. Francis in him, too. He's a synthesis of so many strands of Christian tradition."[90]
Recognition
Gregory was the first major Armenian lyrical poet[26] and is considered the most beloved person in Armenian Christianity.[21]Robert W. Thomson described him as the "most significant poet of the whole Armenian religious tradition,"[30] while Jos Weitenberg declared him the "most outstanding theological, mystical and literary figure of Armenian culture."[76]James R. Russell lists Gregory as one of the three visionaries of the Armenian tradition, along with Mesrop Mashtots and Yeghishe Charents.[91]
According to Hacikyan et al. Gregory of Narek "deserves to be known as one of the great mystical writers of medieval Christendom."[34]Vrej Nersessian considers him a "poet of world stature" in the "scope and breadth of his intellect and poetic inventiveness, and in the brooding, visionary quality of his language"—on a par with St Augustine, Dante, and Edward Taylor.[32]Levon Zekiyan shares a similar view, describing Gregory as a unique figure not just in Armenian national and ecclesiastical culture, but also that of the entire globe.[92] Nersessian argues that Gregory of Narek ranks with St. Augustine and Thomas à Kempis as "one the three greatest mystic writers in medieval Christendom, his monumental Lamentations joins the former’s Confessions, and the latter’s Imitation of Christ to form a natural trilogy."[93] Armenian-Russian critic Karen Stepanyan [ru] writes that Gregory's genius makes him comparable with Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and Dostoevsky.[94]
Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. note that through his "lively, vibrant, and highly individual style" Gregory shaped, refined, and greatly enriched Classical Armenian through his works.[55] According to Hrachik Mirzoyan, Gregory may have created more than 2,500 new Armenian words, including lusankar 'a portrait or image' and օդաչու, odach’u 'a person who flies, pilot'. Many of the words Gregory created are not actively used or have been replaced by other words.[95]
Critique
France-based Western Armenian writer Shahan Shahnour has been Gregory's most prominent critic.[95] Shahnour targeted him in his novel Retreat Without Song (Նահանջը առանց երգի, published in 1929) through one of his characters. The latter describes the Book of Lamentations as "the most immoral, unhealthy, poisonous book, a work that had debilitated the Armenians as a nation. The Armenians remain defeated in trying to emulate Grigor's miserable, maimed soul." Criticizing the book's influence on rooting the notion of fate in Armenian popular belief and for making Armenians "conventional, patient, tolerant, suffocating the freedom-loving spirit in [them]."[96][97]
Paruyr Sevak opined that the Narek has not been read by Armenians as much as it has been kissed.[95]
Veneration
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates his feast on the second Saturday of October, during the Feast of the Holy Translators (Սուրբ Թարգմանչաց, Surb T’argmanch’ats’). Dedicated to him, Mesrop Mashtots, Yeghishe, Movses Khorenatsi, David the Invincible, and Nerses Shnorhali, it was declared a national holiday in Armenia in 2001.[98] The exact date of his canonization by the Armenian Church is unknown, but he was already recognized as a saint by 1173, when Nerses of Lambron (Lambronatsi) included, in the earliest extant manuscript of the Book of Lamentations, a biographical section on him entitled "The Life of the Holy Man of God Grigor Narekatsi".[f][99] His contemporary, historian Ukhtanes (c. 940-1000) called Gregory a "Universal vardapet" (Tiezerakan vardapet).[99]
In the 15th century, when the Catholicosate of Aghtamar was at the center of efforts to revive Armenian statehood, monks at the Cathedral of Aghtamar sought to construct a tradition that would link the Catholicosate to Gregory of Narek. One such tradition claimed that Gregory himself had founded the Catholicosate. In ritual books commissioned by Zakaria III and Stepanos IV, Gregory is depicted more than just equal-to-the-apostles.[100]
Several churches built in Armenia in the 21st century have been named after him.[g] The St. Gregory of Narek Armenian Apostolic Church in Richmond Heights, Ohio, near Cleveland, was built in 1964.[105]
Catholic Church
Despite the schism over the Council of Chalcedon, there have always been at least some Catholics using the Armenian Rite.[106] For example, even though the Monastery of Narek was founded by Armenian monks fleeing religious persecution in Cappadocia under the Byzantine EmperorRomanus Lecapenus, the monks of Narek, including Gregory himself, were repeatedly accused of involvement in the Tsayt movement. The Tsayts were a school of thought within the Armenian Apostolic Church who accepted the teachings of the Council of Chalcedon while continuing to offer the liturgy in Classical Armenian. To Armenians who viewed the Council of Chalcedon as a contradiction of Cyril of Alexandria and therefore as heresy, the Tsayts were accused of being "Greeks but with an Armenian tongue", and even as "half, insufficient, or inadequate Armenians". Meanwhile, criticisms of the PaulicianTondrakian movement by Gregory of Narek have come down to us, but no similar criticisms of the Council of Chalcedon or of the Tsayts are known to exist by his hand.[107]
John Paul II referred to him in several addresses,[112][113][114] and described Gregory as "one of Our Lady's principal poets" and "the great doctor of the Armenian Church" in his 18 February 2001 Angelus address.[115]
Gregory of Narek was recognized officially as a saint in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church in the revised 2001 Roman Martyrology and its updated 2004 edition.[116] This recognition went largely unnoticed until his declaration as a Doctor of the Church in 2015,[117] causing some in Catholic media to state incorrectly that the declaration was an act of equipollent canonization.[118]
Saint Gregory of Narek is depicted in the painting, "Our Lady of Narek" by Ariel Agemian.[119] The image is based on a vision of the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, which Gregory experienced while in prayer. The painting is enshrined above the altar in the chapel of the Pontifical Armenian College in Rome.[120]
Gregory is the 36th and the first Armenian Doctor of the Church.[127] He is also the "second saint coming out of the Eastern Church" to become a Doctor[128] and the only Doctor "who was not in communion with the Catholic Church during his lifetime."[129][h]
St. Gregory's recognition as a Doctor of the Church was commemorated by the Vatican City state with a postage stamp put into circulation on 2 September 2015.[130][131] On 5 April 2018 a two-meter-high bronze statue of Gregory, erected by Davit Yerevantsi [hy], was unveiled at the Vatican Gardens by Mikayel Minasyan, Armenia's Ambassador to the Holy See. The ceremony was also attended by Pope Francis, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, and Armenian Apostolic leaders Karekin II and Aram I.[132][133]
Charents lauds the "hallowed brows" of Gregory and Nahapet Kuchak in his 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" ("Yes im anush Hayastani").[142] In another poem, entitled "To Armenia" ("Hayastanin"), Charents lists Gregory, Nerses Shnorhali and Naghash Hovnatan as geniuses.[143] Sevak describes the Book of Lamentations a "temple of poesy, on which the destructive action of time has had no effect."[39]
Tributes
Narek (Western Armenian: Nareg) is a highly popular male first name among Armenians. In 2018 it was the second most common name given to baby boys.[144] It originates from the village and monastery of Narek and owns its popularity to Gregory of Narek and the Book of Lamentations, popularly known as "Narek."[145]Hrachia Acharian did not provide an etymology for Narek,[145] and James R. Russell noted that it has "no special meaning."[146]
The Narekatsi Professorship of Armenian Language and Culture, established in 1969, is the oldest endowed chair of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[149] In Yerevan, a public school (established in 1967 and renamed in 1990) and a medical center (established in 2003) are named after Gregory.[150][151] Gregory is depicted on a postage stamp issued by Armenia in 2001.[152] The Naregatsi Art Institute (Narekats’i arvesti miut’yun),[153] has its headquarters in Yerevan, Armenia (since 2004) and previously a center in Shushi, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) (since 2006).[154]
A statue of Gregory was erected in Yerevan's Malatia-Sebastia District in 2002.[155] A large stone resembling an old manuscript with inscribed lines and images from the Book of Lamentations was unveiled in the Narekatsi quarter of Yerevan's Avan district in 2010.[156]
Soviet composer Alfred Schnittke composed music for the Russian translation of the Book of Lamentations in 1985 named “Concerto for mixed chorus".[157]
^His birth has been placed in the "middle of the tenth century",[11] "the second half of 940s",[8] 945,[12] c. 945,[13] c. 950,[14] c. 951,[15] and his death date in 1003,[8][12] c. 1003,[15][13] 1003 or 1011,[14]
"probably in 1010".[11]
Agop Jack Hacikyan et al.: "it is accorded an importance second only to that of the Bible itself."[34]
Vahan Kurkjian: "Narek, the Book of Prayer, was once regarded with veneration but little short of that accorded to the Bible itself."[27]
Vrej Nersessian: "After the Bible and the Book of Lamentations (Narek) of Grigor Narekatsi, 'Jesus the Son' was the most widely read book among the Armenians..."[37]
Robert W. Thomson: "Indeed, this book is often known simply as 'Narek', and it traditionally held a place in the Armenian household hardly less honourable than that of the Bible."[21]
Armenian Catholic independent researcher and writer Nareg Seferian said, describing it as "a mystical prayer book," only "second to the Bible as a holy work."[38]
^Del Cogliano clarifies that this was facilitated by a "common declaration of faith in Christ" by Pope John Paul II and Armenian Apostolic Catholicos Karekin I which confirmed that the two churches "believe the same things about Christ, even if they express these things in different language" that has led to unfortunate divisions since the Second Council of Constantinople; "this statement effectively exonerates St. Gregory of any 'Christological' errors: even if St. Gregory was not in communion with the Catholic Church, in doctrinal matters there was complete agreement."[129]
^Nersessian, Vrej (2001). "The Book of Lamentations, 1173". Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art. Getty Publications. p. 162. ISBN978-0-89236-639-2.
^Hovannisian, Richard G. (2000). "An Introduction". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). Armenian Van/Vaspurakan. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN1-56859-130-6.
^ abNersessian, Vrej (2001). "Armenian". In France, Peter (ed.). The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN9780199247844.
^Douglas, John M. (1992). The Armenians. J.J. Winthrop Corporation. p. 177. It was a custom for every Armenian household to have a copy of Nareg.
^Svajian, Stephen G. (1977). A Trip Through Historic Armenia. GreenHill Pub. p. 79. Krikor Naregatzi, an Armenian mystic poet of the Xth Century, wrote his masterpiece, the Nareg, which had replaced the Bible in many Armenian homes.
^Ormanian, Malachia (1912). The Church of Armenia : her history, doctrine, rule, discipline, liturgy, literature, and existing condition. Translated by G. Marcar Gregory. London: A.R. Mowbray. p. 177.
^ abWeitenberg, Jos J. S. (2008). "Reviewed Work: Saint Grégoire de Narek théologicien et mystique. Colloque international tenu à l'Institut Pontifical Oriental... 20–22 janvier 2005 by Jean-Pierre Mahé, Boghos Levon Zekiyan". Vigiliae Christianae. 62 (1): 100–101. JSTOR20474849.
^Kebranian, N. (2012). "Armenian poetry and poetics". In Cushman, Stephen; Cavanagh, Clare; Ramazani, Jahan; Rouzer, Paul (eds.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4th ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. ISBN9781400841424.
^Darbinyan-Melikyan, Margarita (2015). "И с горной выси я сошёл..."Literaturnaya Gazeta (in Russian) (6). Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)() "Думается мне, что с Григором Нарекаци и своим творчеством, и как личность сопоставим граф А.К. Толстой, отличавшийся редким благородством как души, так и внешности."
^Russell, James R. (2005). Armenian and Iranian Studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN9780935411195. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021. (About the book): A number of studies also deal with the visionaries of the Armenian tradition—Mashtots', Narekats'i, Ch'arents'.
^"Catechism of the Catholic Church". vatican.va. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. But in the Ave Maria, the theotokia, the hymns of St. Ephrem or St. Gregory of Narek, the tradition of prayer is basically the same.
^"General Audience". vatican.va. 18 October 2000. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Let us express our desire for the divine life offered in Christ in the warm tones of a great theologian of the Armenian Church, Gregory of Narek (10th century): "It is not for his gifts...
^"General Audience". vatican.va. 13 November 2002. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Let us now listen to a teacher of the Armenian tradition, Gregory of Narek (c. 950–1010), who in his Panegyric Address to the Blessed Virgin Mary says to her: "Taking refuge under your most worthy and powerful intercession...
^"Angelus". vatican.va. 18 February 2001. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. One of Our Lady's principal poets is the great doctor of the Armenian Church, St Gregory of Narek.
^"Martirologio Romano (in Italian)"(PDF). Ufficio liturgico Nazionale della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana. p. 227. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
^Manouk Abeghyan, Հայոց հին գրականութեան պատմութիւն [History of ancient Armenian literature] (Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1944), Bk. 1, pp. 511-69
^Եղիշե Չարենց, Երկերի ժողովածու, հատոր 1-ին [Yeghishe Charents, Collected works, vol. 1] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Press. 1962. p. 245. Նարեկացի, Շնորհալի, Նաղաշ Հովնաթան— Ինչքա՜ն հանճար, խելք ես տեսել— էլի՛ կտեսնես:
^ abAcharian, Hrachia (1942). Հայոց անձնանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Personal Names] Vol. 4 (in Armenian). Yerevan State University. p. 25. Նարեկ գյուղի անունից, որով կոչվել է Գրիգոր Նարեկացին և իր նշանավոր աղոթագիրքը
^Hakobian, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshian, St. T.[in Armenian]; Barseghian, H. Kh.[in Armenian] (1988). "Նարեկ [Narek]". Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Surrounding Regions] Volume II (in Armenian). Yerevan University Press. p. 969. 1984 թ. կոչվել է Ն՝ ի պատիվ մեծ բանաստեղծ Գրիգոր Նարեկացու...
^"Նարեկ [Narek]" (in Armenian). Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure of Armenia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. ...իր անվանումը ստացել է ի պատիվ Գրիգոր Նարեկացու...
Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002). "Grigor Narekatsi". The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 274-279. ISBN9780814330234.
La Porta, Sergio (2016). "Monasticism and the construction of the Armenian intellectual tradition". In Murzaku, Ines Angeli (ed.). Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics. Routledge. pp. 330–350. ISBN9781317391050.
Papazian, Michael (2019). The Doctor of Mercy: The Sacred Treasures of St. Gregory of Narek. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN978-0814685013.
Terian, Abraham (2016). The Festal Works of St. Gregory of Narek: Annotated Translation of the Odes, Litanies, and Encomia. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. ISBN978-0814663189.
Poghosyan, Samvel (October 2014). "Grigor Narekatsi's Astronomical Insights". Relation of Astronomy to Other Sciences, Culture and Society. Proceedings of XIII Annual Meeting of Armenian Astronomical Society: 380. Bibcode:2015rasc.conf..380P.
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For related races, see 2012 United States elections. 2012 United States state legislative elections ← 2011 November 6, 2012 2013 → 86 legislative chambers44 states Majority party Minority party Third party Party Republican Democratic Coalition Chambers before 61 36[a] 1[c] Chambers after 58 39 2[d][e] Overall change 3 3[b] 1 Map of upper house elections: Democrats gained control &…
Nota: Para outros significados, veja Teodoro Sampaio (desambiguação). Teodoro Sampaio Município do Brasil Símbolos Bandeira Brasão de armas Hino Lema Uma linda cidade, de braços abertos! Gentílico teodorense Localização Localização de Teodoro Sampaio na BahiaLocalização de Teodoro Sampaio na Bahia Teodoro SampaioLocalização de Teodoro Sampaio no Brasil Mapa de Teodoro Sampaio Coordenadas 12° 18' 10 S 38° 38' 34 O País Brasil Unidade…
Collection of wax cells built by honeybees For other uses, see Honeycomb (disambiguation). Honeycombs for sale in Sareyn, Iran A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal prismatic cells built from beeswax by honey bees in their nests to contain their brood (eggs, larvae, and pupae) and stores of honey and pollen. Beekeepers may remove the entire honeycomb to harvest honey. Honey bees consume about 8.4 lb (3.8 kg) of honey to secrete 1 lb (450 g) of wax,[1] and so beekeepers m…
Sri Lanka VolleyballLogo of SLVFFormation1951TypeSports organizationLocation33 Torington Place, ColomboPresidentKanchana JayarathnaWebsiteSriLankaVolleyball.org Sri Lanka Volleyball Federation (SLVF) is the main governing body of volleyball in Sri Lanka, where volleyball is its national sport. The game of volleyball was introduced to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1916 by R. W. Camack, then Director of Physical Education at the Colombo Y.M.C.A. The Federation is built on 99 affiliated organisations …
Professional men's basketball league in Italy For the women's league, see Serie A2 (women's basketball). This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023) Basketball leagueSerie A2Organising bodyLega Nazionale Pallacanestro (LNP)Founded1974; 50 years ago (1974)First season1974–75CountryItalyConfederationFIBA EuropeNumber of teams27Level on pyramid2Promotion toLBARelegation toSerie BDomest…
US Army fort (1851–1853) in California near Yuma, Arizona For the film, see Fort Yuma (film). Fort YumaPart of Department of the WestImperial County, California, USA Fort Yuma in 1875Coordinates32°43′55″N 114°36′58″W / 32.732°N 114.616°W / 32.732; -114.616TypeOutpostSite informationOwnerFederal government of the United StatesControlled byBureau of Indian AffairsOpen tothe publicYesConditionRestoredSite historyBuilt1851Built byUnited State…
This article is part of a series on theHistory of Chicanos and Mexican Americans Early-American period Josefa Segovia Las Gorras Blancas Mexican–American War Mutualista San Elizario Salt War Sonoratown Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Juan Crow 1913 El Paso smelters' strike 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program Cantaloupe strike of 1928 California agricultural strikes Citrus Strike of 1936 La Matanza Mexican Repatriation Operation Wetback Plan de San Diego Porvenir Mas…
Protected area in New York, US Amagansett National Wildlife RefugeIUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)Dunes at Amagansett National Wildlife RefugeShow map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocationSuffolk County, New York, United StatesNearest cityAmagansett, New YorkCoordinates40°58′11″N 72°07′35″W / 40.96972°N 72.12638°W / 40.96972; -72.12638[1]Area36 acres (15 ha)Established1968Governing bodyU.S. Fish and Wildlife …
1819 United States Supreme Court caseMcCulloch v. MarylandSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued February 21 – March 3, 1819Decided March 6, 1819Full case nameJames McCulloch v. The State of Maryland, John James[a]Citations17 U.S. 316 (more)4 Wheat. 316; 4 L. Ed. 579; 1819 U.S. LEXIS 320; 4 A.F.T.R. (P-H) 4491; 42 Cont. Cas. Fed. (CCH) ¶ 77,296Case historyPriorJudgment for John James, Baltimore County Court; affirmed, Maryland Court of AppealsSubsequentNoneHoldingAlthough …
Species of gastropod Patella vulgata Live Patella vulgata on a rock in Wales Shell of Patella vulgata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Patellogastropoda Family: Patellidae Genus: Patella Species: P. vulgata Binomial name Patella vulgataLinnaeus, 1758 Synonyms[1] Patella conica Anton, 1838 Patella hypsilotera Locard, 1892 Patella radiata Perry, 1811 Patella vulgata var. aurea Dautzenberg & Durouchoux, 1906 …
2005 film by Rob Marshall Memoirs of a GeishaTheatrical release posterDirected byRob MarshallScreenplay byRobin SwicordBased onMemoirs of a Geishaby Arthur GoldenProduced by Lucy Fisher Steven Spielberg Douglas Wick Starring Zhang Ziyi Ken Watanabe Michelle Yeoh Kōji Yakusho Youki Kudoh Kaori Momoi Gong Li CinematographyDion BeebeEdited byPietro ScaliaMusic byJohn WilliamsProductioncompanies Columbia Pictures DreamWorks Pictures Spyglass Entertainment Amblin Entertainment Red Wagon Entertainmen…
Niles WelshNiles Welsh pada 1920LahirNiles Eugene Welch(1888-07-29)29 Juli 1888Hartford, Connecticut, Amerika SerikatMeninggal21 November 1976(1976-11-21) (umur 88)Laguna Niguel, California, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1913–1940Suami/istriDell BooneElaine EsherElaine Baker Niles Eugene Welch (29 Juli 1888 – 21 November 1976) adalah seorang pementas Amerika Serikat di Broadway, dan pemeran utama dalam sejumlah film bisu dan film b…
Gao Hucheng高虎城 Menteri PerdaganganPetahanaMulai menjabat Maret 2013Perdana MenteriLi KeqiangPendahuluChen DemingPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahirAgustus 1951 (umur 72)Shuo County, ShanxiPartai politikPartai Komunis TiongkokAlma materBeijing Second Foreign Languages InstituteNational University of ZaireUniversity of Paris VIISunting kotak info • L • B Ini adalah nama Tionghoa; marganya adalah Gao. Gao Hucheng (Hanzi: 高虎城; lahir pada 1951) adalah …