Father Chrysanthus

Father Chrysanthus OFMCap
Chrysanthus holding a spider
Born	Wilhelmus Egbertus Antonius Janssen (1905-09-01)1 September 1905 Mill, North Brabant, The Netherlands
Died	4 May 1972(1972-05-04) (aged 66) Oosterhout, North Brabant, The Netherlands

Wilhelmus Egbertus Antonius Janssen (1 September 1905 – 4 May 1972), better known as Father Chrysanthus[a] OFMCap, was a Dutch priest and biology teacher. He was known for his studies in arachnology. Initially he was concerned with the spiders of the Netherlands but he became a specialist on New Guinea spiders. Two spider species were named in his honor following his death.

Early life and education

Wilhelmus Egbertus Antonius Janssen was born in Mill, North Brabant, on 1 September 1905. He studied at a minor seminary from 1918 to 1924, and joined the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin on 7 September 1924. After studying philosophy and theology at the major seminary, he became ordained on 12 March 1932. He lived at the Capuchin Order monastery in Oosterhout.[2] Chrysanthus taught biology at the minor seminary (now known as Sint-Oelbertgymnasium [nl]) from 1932 to 1972.[3]

Research on spiders

Chrysanthus began studying Dutch spiders in 1939 after being inspired by Fritz Lock's book Aus dem leben der Spinnen, published the same year. He started off writing for magazines like De Levende Natuur  [nl].[3] In 1950, he wrote Spinachtigen en Duizendpoten ("Arachnids and Centipedes") for the series Wat Leeft en Groeit; this book was favorably reviewed in Vakblad voor Biologen [nl].[4] Peter J. van Helsdingen [de] called it "excellent" in 1977.[5] The first edition of Chrysanthus's Nederlandse Spinnen ("Dutch Spiders"), written for the Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging [nl]'s Wetenschappelijke mededelingen series, was published in 1954. Additional editions were published in 1963, 1971, and 1980. The Dutch entomologist Barend Lempke [nl] favorably reviewed all four editions.[6]

Chrysanthus named Cyrtophora monulfi after Monulf, who provided specimens from New Guinea[7]

In 1957, Chrysanthus became interested in the spiders of New Guinea after Brother Monulf[b] sent him a collection of spiders he amassed during missionary work in Merauke and Mindiptana in Western New Guinea; Chrysanthus had previously met Monulf in Wellerlooi in 1953.[3] Chrysanthus travelled to natural history museums in Frankfurt, Genoa, London, and Paris to consult their collections.[2] Missionaries, museum guests, and scientific expeditions provided him with newer collections of New Guinea spiders as well.[8] As Chrysanthus became known for his work on New Guinea spiders, museums were interested in providing him with specimens as they lacked specialists in this area.[2] Researchers who consulted him to identify New Guinea spiders included the ethnobiologist Ralph Bulmer,[9] the biologist Yael Lubin [he],[10] and the zoologist Michael H. Robinson.[11] In 1982, Robinson wrote "almost all of the recent work on the taxonomy of New Guinea spiders" was due to Chrysanthus, and that after his death there was no one who knew as much about the taxonomy New Guinea spiders.[12] Valerie Todd Davies, in a 1997 book review, wrote that it "is regretted" that the authors of a book on spiders of Southeastern Asia did not cite Chrysanthus's papers on New Guinea spiders.[13]

Within taxonomy, he helped show that Metellina mengei and Metellina segmentata were in fact distinct species and not merely varieties of one species;[2] this was in a 1953 paper in Zoologische Mededelingen.[14] G. H. Locket and A. F. Millidge, who had previously considered them to be the same species, listed them as distinct species in the third volume of British Spiders because of the analysis in Chrysanthus's paper.[15] Chrysanthus is also known for work in the genus Coelotes.[3] He cleared up the taxonomic confusion with the identities and synonymy of C. atropos, C. saxatilis, and C. terrestris;[16][17] this was published in a 1965 paper in Tijdschrift voor Entomologie.[18] This led him to write a proposal in The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature[19] as an amendment to Herbert W. Levi and Otto Kraus's proposal concerning Coelotes.[20] In 1979, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature accepted Chrysanthus's version of the proposal.[21]

In 1955, Chrysanthus joined the editorial board of the journal Tijdschrift voor Entomologie — a position he would hold until 1971.[3] Chrysanthus attended the first international congress of the International Society of Arachnology in Bonn, Germany, in 1960; he was the only non-German to attend.[22] In 1965, he attended the 3rd Congress of European Arachnologists, held in Frankfurt.[23] He was also a visiting researcher at the Naturmuseum Senckenberg.[24] He was a member of the Netherlands Entomological Society,[2] having joined in 1946.[25] In 1967, he was given the position of Scientific Collaborator at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Over the course of his lifetime, he wrote over one hundred papers.[3] The World Spider Catalog includes 77 species which Chrysanthus described; as of 2022^[update], 64 of them remain valid names.[26]

Death and legacy

Chrysanthus died on 4 May 1972, at the age of 66,[3] in his monastery in Oosterhout following a long illness.[2] Ludwig van der Hammen and Peter J. van Helsdinger wrote an obituary for Chrysanthus in Entomologische Berichten.[3] Van Helsdinger also wrote an obituary for Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society,[2] which was reprinted in the newsletter for the American Arachnological Society.[27] Chrysanthus's collection of New Guinea spiders was deposited in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie; his collection of spiders from South Limburg is now in the Maastricht Natural History Museum.[28] His books were donated to the university library in Nijmegen.[3]

In 1981, the Indian arachnologists B. K. Tikader and Animesh Bal named the species Neoscona chrysanthusi after him "in token of high regard which the present authors have for him."[29] G. H. Locket named the species Nasoona chrysanthusi "in affectionate memory of the late Father Chrysanthus and in admiration of his work on New Guinea spiders" in 1982.[30]

Notes

1. Also known as Pater Chrysanthus.[1]
2. Monulf was also known as Monulphus.

References

1. Gordh, Gordon (2011). "Chrysanthus, Pater (1905–1972)". A Dictionary of Entomology (2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-84593-542-9.
2. v[an] H[elsdingen], P[eter] J. (1973). "Father Chrysanthus OFMCap: 1 September 1905 – 4 May 1972". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 2 (7): 148. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2022.
3. van der Hammen, L.; van Helsdingen, P.J. (1972). "In memoriam Pater Chrysanthus OFMCap". Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 32 (8): 145–150. BHL page 57842781. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2022.
4. van der Hammen, L. (1951). "P. Chrysanthus. Spinachtigen en Duizendpoten". Boekbesprekingen. Vakblad voor Biologen (in Dutch). 31 (12): 234–235.
5. van Helsdingen, P. J. (1977). "W. van Katwijk, Spinnen van Nederland". Boekbesprekingen en Literatuur. Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 37 (7): 112.
6. • Lempke, B. J. (1954). "Pater Chrysanthus, Spinachtigen — Arachnoidea, I. Nederlandse Spinnen". Literatuur. Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 15 (12): 272.
   • Lempke, B. J. (1964). "Chrysanthus, Pater, Spinachtigen — Arachnida, I. Nederlandse spinnen, Tweede druk". Boekbesprekingen en Literatuur. Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 24 (4): 65.
   • Lempke, B. J. (1972). "Pater Chrysanthus, Spinachtigen — Arachnida, I. Nederlandse Spinnen". Boekbesprekingen en Literatuur. Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 32 (2): 40.
   • Lempke, B. J. (1981). "Chrysanthus, Pater, Nederlandse Spinnen". Literatuur. Entomologische Berichten (in Dutch). 41 (5): 66.
7. Chrysanthus (1960). "Spiders from South New Guinea III". Nova Guinea, Zoology. 4: 26–28.
8. Main, Barbara York (1982). "Some zoogeographic considerations of families of spiders occurring in New Guinea". In Gressitt, J.L. (ed.). Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 42.II. p. 583. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8632-9_27. ISBN 978-94-009-8634-3.
9. Bulmer, Ralph N.H. (1974). "Folk biology in the New Guinea Highlands". Social Science Information. 13 (4–5): 27. doi:10.1177/053901847401300402. S2CID 144737406.
10. Lubin, Yael D. (1980). "The Predatory Behavior of Cyrtophora (Araneae: Araneidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 8 (2): 183. JSTOR 3705189.
11. Robinson, Barbara C.; Robinson, Michael H. (1974). "The biology of some Argiope species from New Guinea: predatory behaviour and stabilimentum construction (Araneae: Araneidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 54 (2): 146, 158. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1974.tb00796.x.
12. Robinson, Michael Hill (1982). "The Ecology and Biogeography of Spiders in Papua New Guinea". In Gressitt, J.L. (ed.). Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 42.II. p. 557. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8632-9_26. ISBN 978-94-009-8634-3.
13. Davies, V. (1997). "Riceland Spiders of South and Southeastern Asia". Book Review. Australian Entomologist. 24 (1): 5–6.
14. Chrysanthus (1953). "Is Meta mengei Blackwall a variety of Meta segmentata (Clerck)? (Aranei-Argiopidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen. 32 (15): 155–163. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2022.
15. Locket, G.H.; Millidge, A.F.; Merrett, P. (1974). "Meta mengei (Blackwall)". British Spiders. Vol. III. London: Ray Society. p. 64.
16. Lehtinen, Pekka T. (1967). "Classification of the Cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 4 (3): 223. JSTOR 23731560.
17. Brignoli, Paolo Marcello (1982). "On a few spiders from China (Araneae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 5 (8): 347–349. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2022.
18. Chrysanthus (1965). "On the identity of Coelotes atropos (Walckenaer), saxatilis (Blackwall) and terrestris (Wider) (Araneida, Agelenidae)". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 108 (3): 61–71.
19. Chrysanthus (1965). "Comment on the supplement to the application concerning the validation of Amaurobius C. L. Koch and Coelotes Blackwall, Z.N. (S) 1625". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 22 (4): 216–217. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.11100.
20. • Levi, Herbert Walter; Kraus, Otto (1964). "Amaurobius C.L. Koch, 1837 and Coelotes Blackwall, 1841, (Arachnida, Araneae): proposed preservation under the plenary powers. Z.N.(S.) 1625". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 21: 150–153.
    • Levi, Herbert W.; Kraus, Otto (1965). "Supplement to the application concerning the validation of Amaurobius C. L. Koch and Coelotes Blackwall Z.N.(S) 1625". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 22: 140–141. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.11072.
    • Levi, Herbert W.; Kraus, Otto (1966). "Amaurobius proposals: Comment on the alternative proposals made by Fr. Chrysanthus. Z.N.(S.) 1625". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 23 (2/3): 82.
21. ICZN (1979). "Opinion 1119. Amaurobius C.L. Koch, 1837, and Coelotes Blackwall, 1841 (Araneae): Conserved under the Plenary Powers". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 35 (4): 216–220.
22. Kraus, Otto (1999). "Historic Overview of Past Congresses of Arachnology and of the Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique (C.I.D.A.)". The Journal of Arachnology. 27 (1): 3–6. JSTOR 3705958.
23. Jäger, Peter; Schönhofer, Axel (2021). "Eight legs, two wings, one life for scientific research—celebrating the 80th birthday of Prof. Dr Jochen Martens". Zootaxa. 4984 (1): 10. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.4. PMID 34186698.
24. Kraus, Otto (2006). "Arachnologie im Senckenberg: Von Wider bis Wiehle" (PDF). Arachnologische Mitteilungen (in German). 32: 4. BHL page 50349059. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022.
25. "Lijst van de Leden der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging op 1 April 1949". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 91 (published 1949): LXXVII. 1948.
26. World Spider Catalog. "Search taxa". World Spider Catalog. 23.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
27. Van Helsdingen, Peter (1980). "Biographical Sketch: Father Chrysanthus" (PDF). American Arachnology. 22: 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2022.
28. Engel, Hendrik (1986). "762. JANSSEN, Wilhelmus Egbertus Antonius (Father Chrysanthus OFM Cap.)". In Smit, Pieter (ed.). Hendrik Engel's Alphabetical List of Dutch Zoological Cabinets and Menageries. Nieuwe Nederlandse Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde en der Natuurwetenschappen. Vol. 19 (2nd, enl. ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 134. ISBN 90-6203-618-X.
29. Tikader, B. K.; Bal, Animesh (1981). Studies on Some Orb-Weaving Spiders of the Genera Neoscona Simon and Araneus Clerck of the Family Araneidae (=Argiopidae) from India (PDF). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper. Vol. 24. Delhi: Controller of Publications. pp. 13–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022.
30. Locket, G. H. (1982). "Some Linyphiid Spiders from Western Malaysia". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 5 (8): 368–370. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2022.