Elmer S. Riggs

Elmer Samuel Riggs
Elmer Samuel Riggs
	Riggs (right) and H.William Menke (left) ; working on Diplodocus and Camarasaurus bones
Born	January 23, 1869; Trafalgar, Indiana
Died	March 25, 1963 (aged 94); Sedan, Kansas
Citizenship	United States
Alma mater	University of Kansas
Known for	Brachiosaurus, Thylacosmilus, ; sauropods as terrestrial animals, ; Brontosaurus as a junior synonym of Apatosaurus
	Scientific career
Fields	Paleontology
Institutions	American Museum of Natural History; Field Museum of Natural History
Academic advisors	Samuel Wendell Williston

Elmer Samuel Riggs (January 23, 1869 – March 25, 1963) was an American paleontologist known for his work with the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.

Biography

He was born in Trafalgar, Indiana, and moved with his family to Kansas at a young age. He received bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Kansas and then worked with the American Museum of Natural History. In May 1898 he joined the staff of the Field Museum (then the Field Columbian Museum) as that museum's first paleontologist.^[1]^[2] Though he was a specialist in fossil mammals, the Field Museum hired him in part to secure dinosaurs for exhibit.

In the summer of 1898 he began with a field season in the Oligocene White River beds of South Dakota and Nebraska working under his department chairman, Oliver Farrington, a meteoriticist. Riggs demonstrated a clear facility for fieldwork and was given the opportunity to lead his own expeditions. He conducted his first Field Museum expedition in 1899 working in the Morrison Formation rocks of Wyoming and Colorado and it was during this expedition that he discovered the first known specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri.^[3] After corresponding with an MD during the winter of 1899/1900 he headed to the Morrison Formation in Western Colorado during the summer of 1900. On July 4, 1900, Riggs' assistant, H. William Menke, found the first known skeleton of the giant sauropod dinosaur Brachiosaurus altithorax from near Grand Junction, Colorado. At the end of the 1900 field season Riggs' found a specimen of Apatosaurus near Fruita, a few miles from the Brachiosaurus site. This specimen was excavated during the 1901 field season, and was put on display in 1908 at the Field Museum.^[4] From these specimens he named Brachiosaurus^[5] and Brachiosauridae,^[6] and presented evidence that Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus were the same genus of dinosaur.^[a]^[7] He also proposed that sauropods were terrestrial animals, based on their limb structure,^[6] but this was largely dismissed in favor of aquatic sauropods until the 1970s, when the idea was revived by Robert Bakker.^[8]

A “little carnivorous dinosaur” fossil that he brought back from Alberta, Canada, in 1922 was determined after field jackets were removed in 1999, to be Gorgosaurus, a tyrannosaurid.^[2]

Following these discoveries, he returned to fossil mammals, and worked throughout the western United States and South America until 1931. His collection of Argentinian and Bolivian fossil mammals secured on two multi-year expeditions to South America (Captain Marshall Field Expeditions) are his greatest legacy, and are still studied intensively. One particularly notable find was the saber-toothed marsupial Thylacosmilus, which he found in Late Miocene-age rocks of Argentina in 1927 and named in 1933.^[1]^[9] He became the Curator of Paleontology at the Field Museum, and was employed by the museum until he retired in 1942. He was also sought after as a lecturer, and was still conducting speaking tours many years after retiring from the Field Museum. He died on March 25, 1963, in Sedan, Kansas, at the age of 94.^[1]

Notes

^ as of 2015, they have been confirmed to be separate taxa

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Gregg, Clifford C. (1964). "Memorial to Elmer S. Riggs (1869–1963)". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 75 (9): 129–132. Bibcode:1964GSAB...75P.129G. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[P129:MTESR]2.0.CO;2.
^ ^a ^b "Rediscovering a Dinosaur Named Elmer". Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^ Hanson, Michael; Makovicky, Peter J. “A new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs”. Historical Biology, volume 26, issue 6 (2014). Pages 775-784. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2013.853056?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=ghbi20.
^ Foster, John (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 81–85. ISBN 978-0-253-34870-8. OCLC 77830875.
^ Riggs, Elmer S. (1903). "Brachiosaurus altithorax, the largest known dinosaur". American Journal of Science. Series 4. 15 (88): 299–306. Bibcode:1903AmJS...15..299R. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-15.88.299.
^ ^a ^b Riggs, Elmer S. (1904). "Structure and relationships of opisthocoelian dinosaurs, part II: the Brachiosauridae". Field Columbian Museum Publications, Geological Series. 2 (6): 229–247.
^ Riggs, Elmer S. (1903). "Structure and relationships of opisthocoelian dinosaurs, part I: Apatosaurus Marsh". Field Columbian Museum Publications, Geological Series. 2 (4): 165–196.
^ Bakker, Robert T. (1971). "Ecology of the brontosaurs". Nature. 229 (5281): 172–174. Bibcode:1971Natur.229..172B. doi:10.1038/229172a0. PMID 4923260. S2CID 4156866.
^ Riggs, Elmer S. (1933). "Preliminary description of a new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina". Fieldiana Geology. 6 (3): 61–66.