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Eliot Indian Bible
.jpg)  Old Testament first page of 1685 copy  New Testament first page of 1685 copy   The Eliot Indian Bible (Massachusett: Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God;[1] also known as the Algonquian Bible) was the first translation of the Christian Bible into an indigenous American language, as well as the first Bible published in British North America. It was prepared by English Puritan missionary John Eliot by translating the Geneva Bible[2][3][4] into the Massachusett language.[5][6] Printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the work first appeared in 1661 with only the New Testament. An edition including all 66 books of both the Old and New Testaments was printed in 1663.[7] The inscription on the 1663 edition's cover page, beginning with Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Biblum God, corresponds in English to The Whole Holy His-Bible God, both Old Testament and also New Testament. This turned by the servant of Christ, who is called John Eliot.[8] The preparation and printing of Eliot's work was supported by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, whose governor was the eminent scientist Robert Boyle. HistoryThe history of Eliot's Indian Bible involves three historical events that came together to produce the Algonquian Bible. America's first printing pressPrinted sources have been produced in Spanish America since the sixteenth century.[9] Stephen Daye of England contracted Jose Glover, a wealthy minister who disagreed with the religious teachings of the Church of England, to transport a printing press to America in 1638. Glover died at sea while traveling to America.[10] His widow Elizabeth (Harris) Glover, Stephen Daye, and the press arrived at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Mrs. Glover opened her print shop with the assistance of Daye.[10] Daye started the operations of the first American print shop which was the forerunner of Harvard University Press.[10] The press was located in the house of Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard College where religious materials such as the Bay Psalm Book were published in the 1640s. Elizabeth Glover married president of Harvard College Henry Dunster on 21 June 1641.[10] Act of ParliamentIn 1649 Parliament enacted An Act for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England,[11] which set up a Corporation in England consisting of a President, a Treasurer, and fourteen people to help them.[12] The name of the corporation was "The President and Society for the propagation of the Gospel in New England,"[12] but it was later known simply as the New England Company.[13] The corporation had the power to collect money in England for missionary purposes in New England.[12] This money was received by the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New England and dispersed for missionary purposes such as Eliot's Indian Bible.[14][12] Arrival of John EliotEliot came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from England in 1631. One of his missions was to convert the indigenous Massachusett to Christianity.[6][15] Eliot's instrument to do this was through the Christian scriptures.[6] Eliot's feelings were that the Indians felt more comfortable hearing the scriptures in their own language than in English (a language they understood little of).[6] Eliot thought it best to translate the English Christian Bible to an Algonquian Bible rather than teach the Massachusett Indians English.[6] He then went about learning the Algonquian Indian language of the Massachusett people so he could translate English to the Natick dialect of the Massachusett language.[6] Eliot translated the entire 66 books of the English Bible in a little over fourteen years.[6][16] It had taken 44 scholars seven years to produce the King James Version of the Christian Bible in 1611.[6] Eliot had to become a grammarian and lexicographer to devise an Algonquian dictionary and book of grammar.[6] He used the assistance of a few local Massachusett Indians in order to facilitate the translation, including Cockenoe, John Sassamon, Job Nesuton, and James Printer.[6][17] Eliot made his first text for the Corporation for the propagation of the Gospel in New England into the Massachusett language as a one volume textbook primer catechism in 1653 printed by Samuel Green.[18] He then translated and had printed in 1655-56 the Gospel of Matthew, book of Genesis, and Psalms into the Algonquian Indian language.[19][16] It was printed as a sample run for the London Corporation to show what a complete finished Algonquian Bible might look like.[20] The Corporation approved the sample and sent a professional printer, Marmaduke Johnson, to America in 1660 with 100 reams of paper and eighty pounds of new type for the printer involved to print the Bible.[6][21] To accommodate the transcription of the Algonquian Indian language phonemes extra "O's" and "K's" had to be ordered for the printing press.[6] Johnson had a three-year contract to print the entire Bible of 66 books (Old Testament and New Testament).[20] In 1661, with the assistance of the English printer Johnson and a Nipmuc named James Printer, Green printed 1,500 copies of the New Testament.[6] In 1663 they printed 1,000 copies of the complete Bible of all 66 books (Old Testament and New Testament) in a 1,180 page volume.[7][6][22] The costs for this production was paid by the Corporation authorized by the Parliament of England by donations collected in England and Wales.[20] John Ratcliff did the binding for the 1663 edition.[23] DescriptionEliot was determined to give the Christian Bible to the Massachusett Indian Nation in their own Massachusett language.[24] He learned the Natick dialect of the Massachusett language and its grammar.[24] Eliot worked on the Indian Bible for over fourteen years before publication.[25] England contributed about £16,000 for its production by 1660. The money came from private donations in England and Wales. No donations or money were received from the New England colonies for Eliot's Indian Bible. The translation answered the question received many times by Eliot from the Massachusett was "How may I get faith in Christ?" The ecclesiastical answer was "Pray and read the Bible." After Eliot's translation, there was a Bible they could read.[26] Eliot translated the Bible from an unwritten American Indian language into a written alphabet that the Algonquian Indians could read and understand.[26] To show the difficulty of the Algonquian language used in Eliot's Indian Bible Cotton Mather gives as an example the Algonquian word Nummatchekodtantamoonganunnonash (32 characters) which means "our lusts".[7] He said that the Indian language did not have the least affinity to or derivation from any European speech.[7] Some ecclesiastical questions given to Eliot by the Natick Indians that were to be answered by the new Algonquian Bible and Indian religious learning were:
LegacyIn 1664 an especially prepared display copy was presented to King Charles II by Robert Boyle, the Governor of the New England Company.[28] Many copies of the first edition (1663) of Eliot’s Indian Bible were destroyed by the British in 1675–76 by a war against Metacomet (war chief of the Wampanoag Indians).[22][29] In 1685, after some debate, the New England Company decided to publish another edition of Eliot’s Indian Bible. [30] The second edition of the entire Bible was finished in 1686, at a fraction of the cost of the first edition.[31] There were 2,000 copies printed.[22] A special single leaf bearing a dedication to Boyle placed into the 1685 presentation copies that were sent to Europe.[32] The first English edition of the entire Bible was not published in the colonies until 1752, by Samuel Kneeland.[33][34] Eliot's Indian Bible translation of the complete Christian Bible was supposedly written with one pen.[35] This printing project was the largest printing job done in 17th-century Colonial America.[13] The Massachusett Indian language Natick dialect that the translation of Eliot's Bible was made in no longer is used in the United States.[35] The Algonquian Bible is today unreadable by most people in the world.[7] Eliot's Indian Bible is notable for being the earliest known example of the translation and putting to print the entire 66 books of the Christian Bible into a new language of no previous written words.[15] Eliot's Indian Bible was also significant because it was the first time the entire Bible was translated into a language not native to the translator. Previously scholars had translated the Bible from Greek, Hebrew, or Latin into their own language. With Eliot the translation was into a language he was just learning for the purpose of evangelization.[7] In 1709 a special edition of the Algonquian Bible was authored by Experience Mayhew with the Indian words in one column and the English words in the opposite column. It had only Psalms and the Gospel of John. It was used for training the local Massachusett Indians to read the scriptures.[36] This Algonquian Bible was a derivative of Eliot's Indian Bible.[37] The 1709 Algonquian Bible text book is also referred to as The Massachuset psalter.[36] This 1709 edition is based on the King James Bible just like Eliot's Indian Bible (aka: Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Biblum God).[5] A second edition printing of Eliot's Indian Bible was an instrumental source for the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project where it was compared to the King James Bible in order to relearn Wôpanâak (Wampanoag) vocabulary and grammar.[38] See also
References
Bibliography
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