Eau de toilette (French:[od(ə)twalɛt], meaning "grooming water")[n 1] is a lightly scented perfume.[2] It is also referred to as aromatic waters and has a high alcohol content.[3] It is usually applied directly to the skin after bathing or shaving.[4] It is traditionally composed of alcohol and various volatile oils.[5] Traditionally these products were named after a principal ingredient, like geranium water, lavender water, lilac water, violet water, spirit of myrcia and "eau de Bretfeld".[6] Because of this, eau de toilette was sometimes referred to as "toilet water".[7]
In modern perfumery, eau de toilette has less concentrated fragrance than perfume (eau de parfum) and more than cologne (eau de Cologne).[8][9]
Types
Perfume formulas 1910
Eau de toilette is a weaker concentration of fragrance than perfume.[10][11] The concentration of aromatic ingredients is typically as follows (ascending concentration):
Perfume oils are often diluted with a solvent, though this is not always the case, and its necessity is disputed. By far the most common solvent for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. Perfume has a mixture of about 10–20% perfume oils mixed with alcohol (acting as a diffusing agent delivering the fragrant odor) and a trace of water. Colognes have about 3–5% perfume oil mixed with 80–90% alcohol with about 5–15% water in the mix. Originally, eau de cologne was a mixture of citrus oils from such fruits as lemons, oranges, tangerines, limes, and grapefruits. These were combined with such substances as lavender and neroli (orange-flower oil). Eau de toilette has the least amount of perfume oil mixture among the three main liquid "perfumery" categories. It has only about 2–8% of some type of perfume oil and 60–80% alcohol dispersent with water making up the difference.[13][14] Eau de toilettes are a less concentrated form of these above types of alcohol-based perfumes.[15][16] Traditionally cologne is usually made of citrus oils and fragrances, while eau de toilettes are not limited to this specification.[17][18]
History
Hungarian eau de toilette, an alcohol based perfume that is the predecessor of eau de cologne, was first produced in the fourteenth century, supposedly by a Hungarian man for Queen Elisabeth of Hungary.[19][20] This was called "eau de la reine de hongrie" or Hungary Water, and contained the herb rosemary, which allowed the scent to evaporate slowly on the skin.[21][22] However, some early scientists, including Johann Beckmann, doubt that it was created for the Queen of Hungary.[citation needed]
Some eau de toilette were once considered restorative skin toners with medical benefits.[24][25][26] The journal Medical Record reported in 1905 that a toilet water spray restores energies lost in business, social, and domestic situations.[27][28] During the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries a type of eau de toilette called "plague waters" was supposed to drive away the bubonic plague.[29][30]
Carnation Toilet Water – extract of Jasmine 2.5 pints, extract of Orange Flower 2.5 pints, extract of Rose 5 pints, tincture of Vanilla 20 ounces, Oil of Pink (synthetic) 2 ounces.[35]
Creole Toilet Water – to 6.75 ounces of orris root cut in small pieces put 1.5 pint of French brandy. Allow this mix to stand for 2 weeks, stirring frequently. Then filter the mix and add 3 pints of French brandy and 3 drops of oil of orange blossoms. Add 0.75 fluid ounce of oil of geranium. Distill and add a little coumarin essence.[36]
Eau de lavand ambre – a favorite with Spanish women who use it in their hair as well as on the skin after bathing.[37]
Florida Water – based on the nineteenth-century formula for a commercially prepared toilet water that mixes floral essential oils.[38]
Geranium Toilet Water – oil of rose geranium, 2 ounces; tincture of orris root, 2 ounces; tincture of musk, 1 drop; rose water, 8 ounces: alcohol, 4 pints.[36]
Heliotrope Toilet Water – heliotropine, 2 drops; rose oil, 15 minims; bergamot oil, a half drop; neroli oil, 5 minims; alcohol, 10 ounces; water, 6 ounces.[39]
Jasmine toilet water – made with spirits of cologne, jasmine, and alcohol.[41]
Kananga Water – is a "holy water" used for purification in revival ceremonies.[42]
Lavender water[14][43] – a formula called "upper Ten" consists of 1 fluid ounce of oil of lavender, 8 fluid ounces of deodorized alcohol, 3 fluid ounces of rose water, and 80 grains of carbonate of magnesia.[44]
Nosegay – distilled honey water with cloves, lavender and neroli.[45]
Oriental Toilet Water – an extensive list of ingredients is given in the Useful and Practical Notes section of National Druggist.[46]
Rose water toilet water – extract of rose 1 pint, of tuberose 1 pint, of cassia 1 pint, of jasmine 4 ounces, tincture of civet 3 ounces. Popular in the Middle East especially Egypt and called 'maward'.[47]
Viennese Cosmetic Toilet Water – bruised almonds, 15 parts; water of orange flower, 62 parts; water of roses, 62 parts. Rub up the almonds with the waters, allow to stand. Later add borate of soda, 1 part; spirit of benzoin, 2 parts. Dissolve.[36]
White Rose Toilet Water – one ounce of triple extract of white rose, 3 drops of oil of rose, 3 drops of oil of rose geranium, 26 ounces of cologne spirits, and 6 ounces of hot water.[44]
Hugh C. Muldoonin submitted various toilet water formulas he called "Own-make Toilet Specialties" to the Bulletin Of Pharmacy in 1917.[48]
Beckmann, Johann, A History of Inventions and Discoveries: In Four Volumes 2, 1817
Baker, William Henry, A dictionary of men's wear..., W. H. Baker, 1908
Better Nutrition magazine, Nov 1999, Vol. 61, No. 11, ISSN 0405-668X, Published by Active Interest Media, Inc.
Booth, Nancy M., Perfumes, splashes & colognes: discovering & crafting your personal fragrances, Storey Publishing, 1997, ISBN0-88266-985-0
Bulletin of pharmacy, Volume 36, E.G. Swift, 1922
Beauty—its attainment and preservation, Butterick Pub. Co., Ltd., 1892
Consumer reports, Volumes 25–26, Consumers Union of United States, 1960
Cox, Nancy C., Perceptions of retailing in early modern England, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, ISBN0-7546-3771-9
Cristiani, Richard S., Perfumery and kindred arts: A comprehensive treatise on perfumery, H. C. Baird, 1877
Current opinion, Volume 32, The Current Literature Publishing Co., 1902
Dewey, Willis Alonzo, Medical century, Volume 14, Medical Century Company., 1906
Ebert, Albert Ethelbert, The Standard formulary, G.P. Engelhard & Co., 1897
Fettner, Ann Tucker, Potpourri, incense, and other fragrant concoctions, Workman Pub. Co., 1977, ISBN0-911104-97-6
Fletcher, Ella Adelia, Woman Beautiful, Kessinger Publishing, 1998, ISBN0-7661-0380-3
Frank, Marc Henry, Eugenics and Sex Relations for Men and Women, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN1-4179-8913-0
Griffin, Judy, Flowers That Heal: Aromas, Herbs, Essences and Other Secrets of the Fairies, Cosimo, Inc., 2002, ISBN1-931044-35-X
Grolier, The New book of knowledge, Grolier, 1986, ISBN0-7172-0517-7
Groom, Nigel, The new perfume handbook, Springer, 1997, ISBN0-7514-0403-9
Halpern, Georges M., The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar, Basic Health Publications, Inc., 2003, ISBN1-59120-016-4
Hiss, A. Emil, The new standard formulary:, G.P. Engelhard, 1910
Keithler, William R., The formulation of cosmetics and cosmetic specialties, Drug and Cosmetic Industry, 1956
Hopkins, Albert Allis, The Scientific American cyclopedia of formulas: partly based upon the 28th ed. of Scientific American cyclopedia of receipts, notes and queries, Munn & co., inc., 1910
Lawless, Julia, The illustrated encyclopedia of essential oils: the complete guide to the use of oils in aromatherapy and herbalism, Barnes & Noble, 1995, ISBN1-56619-990-5
Lillard, Benjamin, Practical druggist and pharmaceutical review of reviews, Volume 40, Lillard & Co., 1922
Martin, George R., The mentor-world traveler, Volume 10, George R. Martin, 1922
Miller, William Tyler, Garden & home builder, volume 13, Doubleday, Page and Company, 1911
Müller, Peter M., Perfumes: art, science, and technology, Springer, 1994, ISBN0-7514-0157-9
Sherrow, Victoria, For appearance' sake: the historical encyclopedia of good looks, beauty, and grooming, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN1-57356-204-1
Stoddart, David Michael, The scented ape: the biology and culture of human odour, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN0-521-39561-5
The National Druggist, Volume 42; H. R. Strong, 1912
Citations
^Murray, James (1926). "toilet sb. §§7,9b". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 10 Part 1: Ti–U (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 108.
^Sherrow, p. 125 King Louis XIV (1638–1715) had his shirts scented with toilet water that included aloewood, rosewood, orangle flower, musk, and spices. The concoction was called "heavenly water" ...
