East Asia

For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).

East Asia

Area	11,840,000 km^2 (4,570,000 sq mi) (3rd)
Population	1.6 billion (2023; 2nd)
Population density	141.9 km^2 (54.8 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	$47.6 trillion (2024)[1]
GDP (nominal)	$25.7 trillion (2024)[1]
GDP per capita	$16,000 (nominal)[1]
Demonym	East Asian
Countries	6 countries[2][3][4]  China  Japan  Mongolia  North Korea  South Korea  Taiwan
Dependencies	Two special administrative regions of China  Hong Kong  Macau
Languages	Chinese Japanese Korean Mongolian Tibetan Others
Time zones	UTC+7, UTC+8 & UTC+9
Largest cities	List of urban areas: Beijing Busan Chengdu Daegu Guangzhou Hangzhou Hong Kong Kaohsiung Macau Nagoya Nanjing Osaka Seoul Shanghai Shenzhen Taipei Tokyo Yokohama
UN M49 code	030 – Eastern Asia 142 – Asia 001 – World

East Asia
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese	東亞/東亞細亞
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà or Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà Wade–Giles Tung1-ya3 Wu Romanization [ton^平 ia^去] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 9) (help) Gan Romanization Tung1 nga3 Hakka Romanization dung^24 a^31 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping dung1 aa3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tang-a
Tibetan name
Tibetan	ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
Korean name
Hangul	동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja	東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Зүүн Ази ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Transcriptions SASM/GNC Dzuun Azi
Japanese name
Kana	ひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai	東亞細亞/東亞
Shinjitai	東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Transcriptions Revised Hepburn Higashi Ajia/Tō-A Kunrei-shiki Higasi Azia/Tou-A
Uyghur name
Uyghur	شەرقىي ئاسىي‎
Transcriptions Latin Yëziqi sherqiy asiy

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[2][3] Additionally, Hong Kong and Macau are the two special administrative regions of China. The economies of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia borders North Asia to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To its east is the Pacific Ocean.

East Asia has long been a crossroads of civilizations, as the region's prominence has facilitated the transmission of ideas, cultural exchanges, commercial trade, scientific and technological cooperation, and migration, as its position and proximity to both the Pacific Ocean and the Continental Asian landmass makes it strategically significant for facilitating international maritime trade and transportation. The contemporary economic, technological, political, and social integration of East Asia coupled with its rich history of diversity, division, and divergent development have all contributed to its enduring complexity, scientific and technological advancement, cultural richness, economic prosperity, and geopolitical significance on the world stage. With the region having been home to various influential empires, kingdoms, and dynasties throughout history, each leaving its mark on the region and transforming the region's geopolitical landscape ranging from distinct dynastic kingdoms to colonial possessions to independent modern nation-states.

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Manchuria, and Ryukyu (Okinawa), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.[5][6][7] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana),[8] Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism,[9] ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, and Christianity and Musok in Korea.[10][11][12] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[13] The major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. The major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han in China and Taiwan, Yamato in Japan, and Koreans in North and South Korea. and Mongols in Mongolia. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). The Ryukyuan people are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 33% of the population in Continental Asia and 20% of the global population.[14]^[needs update] The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing–Tianjin, Busan–Daegu–Ulsan–Changwon, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taipei, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km^2 (120/sq mi).^[when?]^[citation needed]

History

Main article: History of East Asia

Ancient era

China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho referred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with the cradle of Middle Eastern civilization along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[15] as well as the cradle of Western civilization encompassing Ancient Greece.

Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.[16][17][18] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[18][19][20] The tributary system of China shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[21][22][17] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[23]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.[18][24] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[25][26] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.[27] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adopted Chinese characters, which remain integral to the Japanese writing system. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.

Medieval era

Map showing the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols

During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[28] The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its Han predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another golden age in Chinese history. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[28][29] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and northern Korea.[30]

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of Chinese characters, architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[28][29][31] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[32] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[32] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[33][34] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from Chinese hanfu during the eighth century.

Modern era

The 17th century Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire

For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[35][36][37] From third century through the eighteenth century, diplomatic and trade relations between China and other East Asian countries and the steppe kingdoms was governed through a tributary system.[38]: 13–14  Under this system, the Chinese emperor received tribute from other rulers and in return received political benefits (like recognition or non-aggression agreements) or physical gifts, like porcelain and silks.[38]: 14  Through this system, the Chinese emperor conferred legitimacy on other rulers.[38]: 14 

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[16][39] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[40][41] The United States Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western influence, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[42][43][44] Around the same time, the Meiji Restoration in Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.[45][43] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[45][46] By the early 1900s, the Empire of Japan succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.[46]

Colonies and spheres of influence in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914

With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.[47] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[48][49][50][42] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[45] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[51]

Contemporary era

See also: Pacific Century

After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies. The end of World War II did not result in east Asian countries obtaining independence or national unification.[38]: 4  Independence and national unification were primary concerns for the first generation of east Asian post-World War II leaders.[38]: 4 

The Chinese Civil War resumed after the defeat of the Japanese, with the Communists defeating the Nationalist Republic of China government. The government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan and the People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949.

Post-war, the Korean peninsula was partitioned, leading to the development of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The Korean War (1950-1953) increased regional and international tensions.[52]: 163  The northeast part of east Asia hardened along communist and anti-communist lines.[52]: 163  South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States increased their ties.[52]: 163 

During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, in addition to the respective handovers of Hong Kong and Macau near the end of the twentieth century.

The onset of the 21st-century in East Asia led to the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while also enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.[2][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

As of at least 2022, the region is more peaceful, integrated, wealthy, and stable than any time in the previous 150 years.[60]: 183 

Definitions

Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.[54][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.[68][69][70][71][72] Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea in having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.[68][72][73][74][75] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese cultural sphere. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[76][77][78] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[76][77] Xinjiang and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see also Greater Central Asia).[79][80][81]

Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Siberia.[82] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[83] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[84]

The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.

The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) geoscheme for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UN political geography statistics.[85] The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[86]

  North Asia

  Central Asia

  Western Asia

  South Asia

  East Asia

  Southeast Asia

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[86] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[87][88]

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.[89][90] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).[91]

Alternative definitions

See also: Pacific Asia

In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[92]

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region of Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[93][94][95] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[83]

Climate

East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.

East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as the East Asian rainy season and the East Asian Monsoon.[96]

Climate change

Main article: Climate change in Asia

Climate change is expected to exacerbate heat stress over at the North China Plain, which is particularly vulnerable as widespread irrigation results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.[97]

Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves.[98]: 1464  The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.[98]: 1459  China has notably embarked on the sponge cities program, where cities are designed to increase the area of urban green spaces and permeable pavings in order to help deal with flash floods caused by greater precipitation extremes.[98]: 1504  Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,[98]: 1465  in areas like the North China Plain.[97]

China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.[98] The city of Guangzhou is projected to experience the single largest annual economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.[98] Shanghai is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.[98] The Yangtze River basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under 2 °C (3.6 °F) and ~43% under 4.5 °C (8.1 °F).[98]: 1476 

Economy

Main article: Economy of East Asia

Customs territory	GDP nominal billions of USD (2024)[1]	GDP nominal per capita USD (2024)[1]	GDP PPP billions of USD (2024)[1]	GDP PPP per capita USD (2024)[1]
People's Republic of China	18,532,633	13,136	35,291,015	25,015
Hong Kong[a]	406,775	53,606	570,082	75,128
Macau[b]	54,677	78,962	92,885	125,510
Japan	4,110,452	33,138	6,720,962	54,184
Mongolia	21,943	6,182	58,580	16,504
North Korea	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
South Korea	1,760,947	34,165	3,057,995	59,330
Taiwan[c]	802,958	34,432	1,792,349	76,858
East Asia	$25,690,385	$15,612	$47,583,868	$28,916

Territorial and regional data

China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.

Etymology

Flag	Common Name		Official name		ISO 3166 Country Codes[99]
	Exonym	Endonym	Exonym	Endonym	ISO Short Name	Alpha-2 Code	Alpha-3 Code	Numeric
	China	中国	People's Republic of China	中华人民共和国	China	CN	CHN	156
	Hong Kong	香港	Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China	中華人民共和國香港特別行政區	Hong Kong	HK	HKG	344
	Macau	澳門	Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China	中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區	Macao	MO	MAC	446
	Japan	日本	Japan	日本国	Japan	JP	JPN	392
	Mongolia	Монгол улс / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ	Mongolia	Монгол Улс (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ)	Mongolia	MN	MNG	496
	North Korea	조선	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	조선민주주의인민공화국	Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of)	KP	PRK	408
	South Korea	한국	Republic of Korea	대한민국	Korea (the Republic of)	KR	KOR	410
	Taiwan	臺灣 / 台灣	Republic of China	中華民國	Taiwan (Province of China)[99]	TW	TWN	158

Demographics

Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023

Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China

State/Territory	Area km^2	Population in thousands (2023)[100][101]	% of East Asia	% of World	Population density per km^2	HDI[102]	Capital/Administrative Centre
China	9,640,011[d]	1,425,671[e]	85.76%	17.72%	138	0.788	Beijing
Hong Kong	1,104	7,492	0.45%	0.093%	6,390	0.956	Hong Kong
Macau	30	704	0.042%	0.0087%	18,662	0.925	Macao
Japan	377,930	123,295	7.42%	1.53%	337	0.920	Tokyo
Mongolia	1,564,100	3,447	0.2%	0.042%	2	0.741	Ulaanbaatar
North Korea	120,538	26,161	1.57%	0.33%	198	0.733^[citation needed]	Pyongyang
South Korea	100,210	51,784	3.11%	0.64%	500	0.929	Seoul
Taiwan	36,197	23,923	1.44%	0.297%	639	0.926	Taipei
East Asia	11,840,000	1,662,477	100%	20.66%	141

Ethnic groups

Main articles: East Asians and Ethnic groups of East Asia

Ethnicity	Native name	Population	Language(s)	Writing system(s)	Major states/territories*	Traditional attire
Han/Chinese	漢族 or 汉族	1,313,345,856[103]	Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.)	Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters	( )
Yamato/Japanese	大和民族	125,117,000[104]	Japanese	Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana
Korean	조선민족 (朝鮮民族) 한민족 (韓民族)	84,790,105[105][106][107]	Korean	Hangul, Han characters (Hanja)
Bai	白族	2,091,543[108]	Bai, Southwestern Mandarin	Simplified characters, Latin script
Hui	回族	11,377,914[108]	Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc.	Simplified characters
Mongols	Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ Монгол/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ	8,942,528	Mongolian	Mongol script, Cyrillic script
Zhuang	壮族/Bouxcuengh	19,568,546[108]	Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc.	Simplified Han characters, Latin script
Uyghurs	维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر	11,774,538[108]	Uyghur	Arabic alphabet, Latin script
Manchus	满族/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ	10,423,303[108]	Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language	Simplified Han characters, Mongol script
Hmong/Miao	苗族/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb	11,067,929[108]	Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin	Latin script, Simplified Han characters
Tibetans	藏族/བོད་པ་	7,060,731[108]	Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc.	Tibetan script
Yi	彝族/ꆈꌠ	9,830,327[108]	Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin	Yi script, Simplified Han characters
Tujia	土家族	9,587,732[108]	Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia	Simplified Han characters
Kam	侗族/Gaeml	3,495,993[108]	Gaeml	Simplified Han characters, Latin script
Tu	土族/Monguor	289,565	Tu, Northwestern Mandarin	Simplified Han characters
Daur	达斡尔族/ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ	131,992	Daur, Northeastern Mandarin	Mongol script, Simplified Han characters
Indigenous Taiwanese	臺灣原住民/ 高山族/ Yincomin/ Kasetaivang/ Inanuwayan	533,600	Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc.	Latin script, Traditional Han characters
Ryukyuan	琉球民族	1,900,000	Japanese Ryukyuan	Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana
Ainu	アイヌ/ Aynu/ Айну	200,000	Japanese Ainu[109]	Ainu uses both the Katakana and Latin scripts[110]

• Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

Culture

Main category: Culture of East Asia

Overview

The culture of East Asia has been deeply influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[111][18][112][113][114][72]

The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[115] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[22][115] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on classical Western civilisation.[114][115][111]

Religion

Main article: East Asian religions

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Religion in East Asia (2020)[116]

  Chinese Folk Religion (52.10%)

  Buddhism (19.65%)

  No Religion (19.62%)

  Christianity (5.56%)

  Islam (1.57%)

  Other (1.44%)

Religion	Native name	Creator/Current Leader	Founded Time	Main Denomination	Major book	Type	Est. Followers	Ethnic groups	States/territories
Chinese folk religion	中國民間信仰 or 中国民间信仰	Spontaneous formation	Prehistoric period	Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo	Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc.	Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism	~900,000,000[117][118]	Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)	( )
Taoism	道教	Zhang Daoling, Wang Chongyang (Quanzhen School)	125 AD Eastern Han dynasty^[citation needed]	Zhengyi, Quanzhen	Tao Te Ching	Pantheism, polytheism	~20,000,000[118]	Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia	( )
East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism	漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教	Emperor Ming of Han (introduced to China), Mālānanda (introduced to Baekje), King Seong of Baekje (introduced to Japan)	67 AD Eastern Han dynasty	Mahayana	Diamond Sutra	Non-God, Dualism.	~300,000,000	Han, Koreans, Yamato	( )
Tibetan Buddhism	藏傳佛教 or 藏传佛教/བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།	Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche	1800 years ago	Mahayana, Bon	Anuttarayoga Tantra	Non-God	~10,000,000	Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols
Shamanism	薩滿教 or Бөө мөргөл	Spontaneous formation	Prehistoric period		N/A	Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism	N/A	Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens
Shinto	神道	Spontaneous formation	Yayoi period[119]	Shinto sects	Kojiki, Nihon Shoki	Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism	N/A	Yamato
Musok/Muism	신도 or 무교	Spontaneous formation	900 years ago^[citation needed]	Musok sects	N/A	Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism	N/A	Koreans
Ryukyuan religion	琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰	Spontaneous formation	N/A	N/A	N/A	Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism	N/A	Ryukyuans	()

Festivals

Festival	Native Name	Other name	Calendar	Date	Gregorian date	Activity	Religious practices	Food	Major ethnicities	Major states/territories
Chinese New Year	農曆新年/农历新年 or 春節/春节	Spring Festival	Chinese	Month 1 Day 1	21 Jan–20 Feb	Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks	Worship the King of Gods	Nian gao	Han, Manchus etc.	( )
Korean New Year	설날 or 설	Seollal	Korean	Month 1 Day 1	21 Jan–20 Feb	Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping	N/A	Tteokguk	Koreans
Losar or Tsagaan Sar	藏历新年/ལོ་གསར་ or 查干萨日/Цагаан сар	White Moon	Tibetan, Mongolian	Month 1 Day 1	25 Jan – 2 Mar	Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks	N/A	Chhaang or Buuz	Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc.
New Year	元旦	Yuan Dan	Gregorian	1 Jan	1 Jan	Fireworks	N/A	N/A	N/A	( )
Lantern Festival	元宵節 or 元宵节	Upper Yuan Festival (上元节)	Chinese	Month 1 Day 15	4 Feb – 6 Mar	Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping	Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer	Yuanxiao	Han	( )
Daeboreum	대보름 or 정월 대보름	Great Full Moon	Korean	Month 1 Day 15	4 Feb – 6 Mar	Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom)	Bonfires (daljip taeugi)	Ogok-bap, namul, nuts	Korean
Hanshi Festival	寒食節 or 寒食节	Cold Food Festival	Solar term	Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: 汤若望) during the Qing dynasty.	April 3–5	Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)	In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 重耳)	Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan	Han, Koreans, Mongols	( )
Qingming Festival	清明節 or 清明节 or Ханш нээх	Tomb Sweeping Day	Solar term	15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.	April 4-6th	Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)	Burning Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses.	Boiled eggs	Han, Koreans, Mongols	( )
Dragon Boat Festival	端午節 or 端午节 or 단오	Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal)	Chinese / Korean	Month 5 Day 5		Driving poisons & plague away. (China: Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea: Washing hair with iris water, ssireum)	Worship various Gods	Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs)	Han, Koreans, Yamato	( )
Ghost Festival	中元節 or 中元节 or 백중	Mid Yuan Festival	Chinese	Month 7 Day 15		Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping	Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer		Han, Koreans, Yamato	( )
Mid-Autumn Festival	中秋節 or 中秋节	中秋祭	Chinese	Month 8 Day 15		Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view	Worship the Moon Goddess	Mooncake	Han	( )
Chuseok	추석 or 한가위	Hangawi	Korean	Month 8 Day 15		Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view	N/A	Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup)	Koreans
Tsukimi	月見 or お月見	Tsukimi or Otsukimi	Gregorian	Month 8 Day 15		Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view	Worship the Moon	Tsukimi Dango, Sweet Potato	Yamato	^*
Double Ninth Festival	重陽節 or 重阳节	Double Positive Festival	Chinese	Month 9 Day 09		Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus.	Worship various Gods		Han, Korean, Yamato	( ) ^*
Lower Yuan Festival	下元節 or 下元节	N/A	Chinese	Month 10 Day 15		Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping	Birthdate of the God of Water-officer	Ciba	Han	( )
Dongzhi Festival	冬至 or 동지 or 冬至	N/A	Gregorian	Between Dec 21 and Dec 23	Between Dec 21 and Dec 23	Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits	N/A	Tangyuan, Patjuk, Zenzai, Kabocha	Han, Koreans, Yamato	( )
Small New Year	小年	Jizao (祭灶)	Chinese	Month 12 Day 23		Cleaning Houses	Worship the God of Hearth	tanggua	Han, Mongols	( )

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Entertainment

East Asian popular culture, such as anime and manga from Japan and K-pop and K-dramas from South Korea, have become highly popular worldwide in the 21st century.[120]

Sports

Japan vs Mongolia in baseball at the 2014 Asian Games

Baseball is one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.[121] The game has gained millions of fans in China since the 2010s.[122]

East Asian Youth Games

Main article: East Asian Youth Games

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

Collaboration

Free trade agreements

Name of agreement	Parties	Leaders at the time	Negotiation begins	Signing date	Starting time	Current status
China–South Korea FTA		Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye	May, 2012	Jun 01, 2015	Dec 30, 2015	Enforced
China–Japan–South Korea FTA		Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye	Mar 26, 2013	N/A	N/A	10 round negotiation
Japan-Mongolia EPA		Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj	-	Feb 10, 2015	-	Enforced
China-Mongolia FTA		Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj	N/A	N/A	N/A	Officially proposed
China-HK CEPA		Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa	-	Jun 29, 2003	-	Enforced
China-Macau CEPA		Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah	-	Oct 18, 2003	-	Enforced
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA		Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui	Oct 09, 2015	N/A	N/A	Negotiating
ECFA		Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou	Jan 26, 2010	Jun 29, 2010	Aug 17, 2010	Enforced
CSSTA (Based on ECFA)		Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou	Mar, 2011	Jun 21, 2013	N/A	Abolished
CSGTA (Based on ECFA)		Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou	Feb 22, 2011	N/A	N/A	Suspended

Military alliances

Name	Parties within the region
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea

Major cities

Main article: Cities of East Asia

Largest population centres of East Asia [123][124]
	Rank	City name	Country	Pop.
Tokyo Seoul	1	Tokyo	Japan	38,140,000
	2	Seoul	South Korea	25,520,000
	3	Shanghai	China	24,484,000
	4	Beijing	China	21,240,000
	5	Osaka	Japan	20,337,000
	6	Chongqing	China	13,744,000
	7	Guangzhou	China	13,070,000
	8	Tianjin	China	11,558,000
	9	Shenzhen	China	10,828,000
	10	Chengdu	China	10,104,000

• 
  Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the world's largest city, both in metropolitan population and economy.
• 
  Beijing is the capital of China. It has a history of over 3300 years.
• 
  Seoul is the capital of South Korea.
• 
  Osaka is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.
• 
  Guangzhou is one of the most important economic centers in southern China.
• 
  Nagoya is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the location of Lexus headquarters.
• 
  Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
• 
  Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.
• 
  Taipei City is the capital of Taiwan, with a population of 2.6 million.
• 
  Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
• 
  Busan is second largest city in South Korea and financial centre along with Seoul
• 
  Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and a major city on the Korean Peninsula.
• 
  Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
• Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea are visible. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.

See also

• East Asia–United States relations
• East Asian Community
• China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
• East Asia Summit
• East Asian studies

Notes

1. Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF
2. Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF
3. Listed as "Taiwan, Province of China" by IMF
4. Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed islands).^[citation needed]
5. A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."[100][101]

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Further reading

• Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
• Chung, Eunbin. Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia (University of Michigan Press, 2022) online reviews by six scholars
• Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
• Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
• Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
• Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
  • vol. 1 online; vol 2 online; vol 3 online; vol 4 online
• Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
• Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
• Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
• Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
• Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
• Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
• Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
• Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
• Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
• Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
• Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
• Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
• Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
• Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
• Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
• Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
• Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
• Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
• Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
• Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
• Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
• Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
• Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online

External links