Cuticle

A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.

Human anatomy

In human anatomy, "cuticle" can refer to several structures, but it is used in general parlance, and even by medical professionals, to refer to the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails (the eponychium), and to refer to the superficial layer of overlapping cells covering the hair shaft (cuticula pili), consisting of dead cells, that locks the hair into its follicle.^[1] It can also be used as a synonym for the epidermis,^[2] the outer layer of skin.

Cuticle of invertebrates

In zoology, the invertebrate cuticle or cuticula is a multi-layered structure outside the epidermis of many invertebrates, notably arthropods and roundworms, in which it forms an exoskeleton (see arthropod exoskeleton).

The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as "cuticlins", together with glycoproteins and lipids.^[3]

The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is chitin, a polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids. The proteins and chitin are cross-linked. The rigidity is a function of the types of proteins and the quantity of chitin. It is believed that the epidermal cells produce protein and also monitors the timing and amount of protein to be incorporated into the cuticle.^[4]

Often, in the cuticle of arthropods, structural coloration is observed, produced by nanostructures.^[5] In the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, cuticular color may suggest pathogen resistance in that darker individuals are more resistant to pathogens compared to more tan individuals.^[6]

Botany

In botany, plant cuticles are protective, hydrophobic, waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs. Cuticles minimize water loss and effectively reduce pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion. The main structural components of plant cuticles are the unique polymers cutin or cutan, impregnated with wax. Plant cuticles function as permeability barriers for water and water-soluble materials. They prevent plant surfaces from becoming wet and also help to prevent plants from drying out. Xerophytic plants such as cacti have very thick cuticles to help them survive in their arid climates. Plants that live in range of sea's spray also may have thicker cuticles that protect them from the toxic effects of salt.

Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the sacred lotus.^[7] This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating but depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to a small fraction of what a smooth surface might permit.^[8] The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.^[9]

Structural coloration is also observed in the cuticles of plants (see, as an example, the so-called "marble berry", Pollia condensata.^[10]

Mycology

"Cuticle" is one term used for the outer layer of tissue of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or "fruit body". The alternative term "pileipellis", Latin for "skin" of a "cap" (meaning "mushroom"^[11]) might be technically preferable, but is perhaps too cumbersome for popular use. It is the part removed in "peeling" mushrooms. On the other hand, some morphological terminology in mycology makes finer distinctions, such as described in the article on the "pileipellis". Be that as it may, the pileipellis (or "peel") is distinct from the trama, the inner fleshy tissue of a mushroom or similar fruiting body, and also from the spore-bearing tissue layer, the hymenium.

References

^ "CUTICLE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
^ Cuticle. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
^ Page, Anthony; Johnstone, I. L. (2007). "The cuticle" (PDF). WormBook: 1–15. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.138.1. PMC 4781593. PMID 18050497.
^ "insect physiology" The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology, Vol. 9, p. 233, 2007
^ Seago, Ainsley E.; Brady, Parrish; Vigneron, Jean-Pol; Schultz, Tom D. (28 October 2008). "Gold Bugs and Beyond: A Review of Iridescence and Structural Colour Mechanisms in Beetles (Coleoptera)". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (Suppl 2): S165–S184. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus. PMC 2586663. PMID 18957361.
^ Armitage, S A O; Siva-Jothy, M T (2005-04-06). "Immune function responds to selection for cuticular colour in Tenebrio molitor". Heredity. 94 (6): 650–656. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800675. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 15815710.
^ Quere, D.; Surface chemistry. Fakir droplets, Nature Materials 2002, 1, 14.
^ Onda, T.; Shibuichi, S.; Satoh, N.; Tsujii, K. (1996). "Super-Water-Repellent Fractal Surfaces". Langmuir. 12 (9): 2125–27. doi:10.1021/la950418o.
^ Von Baeyer, H. C., "The lotus effect", The Sciences, 2000, January/February, 12
^ Vignolini, Silvia; Rudall, Paula J.; Rowland, Alice V.; Reed, Alison; Moyroud, Edwige; Faden, Robert B.; Baumberg, Jeremy J.; Glover, Beverley J.; Steiner, Ullrich (September 10, 2012). "Pointillist Structural Color in Pollia Fruit". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (39): 15712–5. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915712V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210105109. PMC 3465391. PMID 23019355.
^ Jaeger, Edmund C. (1959). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Illustrations: Merle Gish and the author (Third ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher. p. 294. ISBN 0398061793. OCLC 16764689. Retrieved 5 June 2023.