Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition

Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition (obverse)
TypeCommemorative campaign medal
Awarded forMilitary service in Mexico 1862-1863
Presented by France
EligibilityFrench citizens and foreign nationals serving in the ranks of the French Foreign Legion
StatusNo longer awarded
Established29 August 1863
Total~38,000
Ribbon of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
General Gustave Léon Niox, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
Major Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition
Admiral Henri Rieunier, a recipient of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition

The Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition (French: Médaille commémorative de l'expédition du Mexique) was a French commemorative campaign medal established by decree of French Emperor Napoleon III on 29 August 1863[1] to recognize military service during the 1862-1863 French intervention in Mexico.[2]

The Mexican expedition was undertaken in 1862 on order of Emperor Napoleon III following a financial dispute with the Republic of Mexico and his personal desire to create a Catholic empire on the continent to counterbalance U.S. influence. On 7 January 1862, approximately 3,000 French soldiers landed at Vera Cruz. Small British and Spanish contingents that were originally part of the adventure preferred to withdraw quickly leaving only the French forces assisted by small numbers of Austrian, Belgian and Turkish troops.[3]

These forces, whose numbers would later rise to approximately 38,000 men, were successively placed under the command of generals Charles de Lorencez, Élie Frédéric Forey and finally François Achille Bazaine. The campaign was the scene of some of the most notable battles in French military history, such as the glorious struggle for the village of Camaron where, on 30 April 1863, sixty two legionnaires resisted bravely for nine hours against over two thousand Mexicans, allowing for the capture of the city of Puebla on 17 May 1863 thus paving the way to Mexico. In the capital, an assembly of notables recognized Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg, brother of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, as Emperor of Mexico.[3]

However, even with the support of 20,000 Mexicans who embraced the new emperor, Maximilian's forces were harassed in their work of pacification by the troops of President Benito Juárez who had the support of the United States. In February 1867, Emperor Napoleon III ordered the repatriation of all remaining French troops from Mexico, the last elements left the port of Vera Cruz on 12 March 1867. An abandoned Emperor Maximilian, defeated and captured near the city of Querétaro, was executed in June of that year.[3]

Award statute

The Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition was awarded by the Emperor, to all those who took part in the Mexico Expedition, upon nomination and approval by the minister under which the corps or service of the potential recipient was attached. The medal was to be worn on the left breast.[1]

No minimum time of service was mentioned in the award statute.

A later decree of 16 April 1864[4] added the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition to the list of previous awards that could be revoked following a condemnation to a fixed prison term of one year or more for a crime committed by the recipient.

Award description

The Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal. Its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a laurel wreath surrounded by the relief inscription "NAPOLEON III" "EMPEREUR" (English: "NAPOLEON III EMPEROR"). A 4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the entire circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal.[1]

On the reverse, within the laurel wreath, the circular relief inscription " * EXPEDITION DU MEXIQUE * 1862•1863" (English: "MEXICAN EXPEDITION 1862•1863"), two small five pointed stars separating the text from the dates. At the center, the relief inscription on five lines of the campaign's major battles "CUMBRES" "CERRO-BORREGO" "SAN-LORENZO" "PUEBLA" "MEXICO".[1]

The medal hung from a 36 mm wide white silk moiré ribbon bearing 5 mm red and green stripes arranged at a 45 degree angle forming a cross, over which was superimposed a black eagle, its wings spread and holding a green snake in its beak and talons, a design inspired by the coat of arms of Mexico.[1]

Notable recipients (partial list)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Imperial Decree of 29 August 1863" (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 1863-08-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  2. ^ Musée de la Légion d'Honneur permanent exhibit, Paris
  3. ^ a b c "France Phaléristique web site" (in French). Marc Champenois. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
  4. ^ "Imperial Decree of 16 April 1864" (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 1864-04-16. Retrieved 2013-10-29.