Claude Nau

Claude Nau or Claude Nau de la Boisseliere (d. 1605) was a confidential secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots, in England from 1575 to 1586. He was involved in coding Mary's letters with cipher keys.[1]

Career

Nau was a successful lawyer practicing in Paris. He was recruited by the Guise family in 1574 to be Mary's secretary. Jean Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau, an advocate who married Nau's sister Claire in 1563, also joined Mary's service.[2][3][4] An account of the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, mentions that Ruisseau was Claude Nau's brother-in-law, a beau frere, and Albert Fontenay was Claude Nau's brother or half brother.[5]

Nau was presented by the Duke of Guise, Mary's nephew, to Henry III of France. The King gave him diplomatic accreditation and sent him to Elizabeth I of England. On 29 March 1575, Elizabeth gave him a letter of introduction to the Earl of Shrewsbury the Scottish Queen's keeper at Sheffield Castle. Nau was a replacement for the secretary Augustine Raullet.[6] He was known to Mary's ally in France, James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow.[7] Nau was frequently mentioned in Mary's correspondence, and many of his own letters survive. In January 1577, Nau sent cipher code keys to his brother-in-law the treasurer Jean de Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau, to Mr Douglas, to John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, and to Ralph Lygon, for use in their correspondence with Mary.[8]

Sheffield portrait

In August 1577 Nau added a postscript to one of Mary's letters to her ally in France, James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow, that he intended to send him the queen's portrait, but the painter working at Sheffield Castle had not completed the work to perfection.[9][10] At this time, Mary was contemplating marriage with John of Austria, a brother of Philip II of Spain, and the Archbishop was her negotiator.[11] Although the artist Nicholas Hilliard had painted Mary's portrait, at this time he was in France.[12] A surviving miniature portrait of Mary, in a later setting, the Blairs jewel, may date from this period and is associated with Elizabeth Curle, the sister of Mary's Scottish secretary Gilbert Curle.[13]

In the same month, Claude Nau wrote twice to his brother, du Ruisseau, using cipher codes.[14] He hoped that du Ruisseau could be promoted to be treasurer of Mary's French dowry in place of René Dolu, and that du Ruisseau would speak to his own advantage at the French court. Nau also asked him to buy some jewellery; a locket with a catch or a sealed box (une petite boite fermee et cachetee), a pair of bracelets made in the latest fashion, and a diamond or emerald shaped like a heart or triangle.[15] A case for a miniature portrait was sometimes known as a "picture box" in English, as une boîte à portrait in French, and in Spanish, a caxa or caxilla, although Nau be referring to the packaging of the bracelets and stone "closed-up in a small box under seal".[16] Nau advised that the precious stone would cost less from a specialist lapidary than from a goldsmith, and prices were cheaper because of the wars in France.[17] Mary considered other candidates to replace Dolu in October 1579, including the father-in-law of the writer Adam Blackwood.[18]

Negotiations in Scotland and London

In June 1579, Mary sent Nau as her ambassador to her son, James VI of Scotland, instead of John Lesley, Bishop of Ross. However, the Scottish court at Stirling Castle would not allow him an audience, apparently because Mary's letter was addressed to her son, not the King.[19] Although Nau was accompanied by Nicolas Errington, Provost Marshal of Berwick upon Tweed, he had no papers from Elizabeth. The Privy Council of Scotland issued a proclamation that he deserved punishment and should be commanded to depart.[20] Mary wanted to Nau to go Scotland again in 1582, and asked the ambassador Michel de Castelnau to get permissions.[21]

Claude's brother-in-law, the Sieur de Fontenay, sent from France, had more success. Fontenay was able to meet James VI in August 1584. Fontenay wrote to Claude Nau about his good reception, James had met him in his cabinet at Holyroodhouse, and lent him a horse to join the hunting at Falkland Palace.[22] On 15 November 1584, Nau came to London as Mary's ambassador and was lodged in a house belonging to Ralph Sadler.[23] He spoke with Elizabeth, on the subject of Mary's allegations against Bess of Hardwick. Mary wanted Bess of Hardwick and her sons to acknowledge before the French ambassador that rumours about her were untrue. Nau also hoped to put forward the idea of the "association", a scheme to return Mary to Scotland as joint ruler with her son.[24] However, James VI and another Scottish diplomat, the Master of Gray, made it known that James was not about to accept joint rule.[25] Nau was informed of plans to move Mary to another lodging, at Tutbury Castle.[26]

While Fontenay was still in Edinburgh, in March 1585, he warned Nau that a rumour was circulating at the Scottish court that Mary made him sleep with her (que sa majeste vous faisoit coucher avec elle), and so they should modify their familiar behaviour when the Master of Gray visited.[27]

Pierrepont

Nau had a relationship with a young woman in Mary's household, Elizabeth Pierrepont.[28] In April 1586 he sent a friend to discuss marriage with her father Henry Pierrepont.[29] Mary was in favour of her marriage, but it seems her father had other ideas and removed her from the household.[30] The journal of the last days of Mary's household written by the physician Dominique Bourgoing suggests she remained with Mary, and mentions the discovery of a promise or contract of marriage discovered after Nau's papers were searched.[31]

Cipher codes and the Babington Plot

Nau and another secretary Gilbert Curle were arrested at Chartley in 1586. They were escorted to London by Thomas Gorges.[32] He seems to have lived comfortably with the family of Francis Walsingham in London.[33][34] Nau was watched or supervised by a man called Anthony Hall,[35] a Mr Mills, and John Allen. Allen was later accused of allowing Nau to correspond with Bess Pierrepont.[36] Elizabeth I considered that neither Nau or Curle were so desperate that they might kill themselves.[37]

Jérôme Pasquier, a servant who coded Mary's letters,[38] was also arrested. Pasquier was questioned in the Tower of London about the Babington Plot and the writing of cipher codes in Mary's household. He told Thomas Phelippes that Nau kept the alphabets and cipher keys. Pasquier usually did his cipher work in Nau's chamber. Mary kept the letters in cipher herself.[39]

Nau was accused of deciphering a letter from Anthony Babington and composing a reply from Mary (by discussion and dictation) which Gilbert Curle translated into English.[40] Francis Walsingham sent news to the Scottish Court in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to Fotheringhay, and that "the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest (being also confessed by her two secretaries), as it is thought, they shall required no long debating".[41]

During his questioning, Nau said that Mary was averse to plans to invade England and replace Elizabeth, known as the "Enterprise", considering that she might have to renounce her claim to the throne in favour of her son James VI, or that neither she or her son would gain the English throne. Nau claimed Mary only wished to intervene or interfere in Scotland.[42] Nau said he deciphered one or more incoming letters from Babington and had advised Mary not to reply and thus incriminate herself, and then reluctantly made a French draft which Curle translated into English and ciphered.[43]

Mary thought that her secretaries, Nau and Curle, and the clerk Pasquier, had betrayed her during their questioning, and she altered her will. After Mary's execution, Nau returned to France where he was exonerated from accusations of treachery to Mary by the King and the Duke of Guise.[44]

In 1605, Nau wrote to James VI and I. He suggested that Mary was not guilty because she had no freedom of action. He said he had tried not to prejudice Mary during his questioning by Cecil and Walsingham. He had not taken any bribes from Elizabeth, and the only gift he had from her was her portrait in miniature or in cameo framed in ebony, which he was given in November 1585. Nau gave this portrait to Mary.[45]

Works

Joseph Stevenson discovered Nau's memoirs of Mary and her history and published these works in 1883. Stevenson also attributed a treatise in French on Mary's title to the English throne to Nau.[46]

Nau wrote a history of the years 1542 to 1545 which describes Regent Arran taking power in Scotland, possession of Holyroodhouse and Falkland Palace, and the exchequer. He describes the burning of Edinburgh in May 1544. He tells a story, also found in John Lesley's History of Scotland, of the banquet for the Patriarch of Venice, where a buffet laden with Venetian glass was deliberately tipped over to impress the envoy with an idea of Scotland's material wealth.[47]

Nau started translating John Lesley's Latin history of Scotland, the De Origine, into French. He did not complete this historical work.

Further reading

References

  1. ^ A. Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, vol. 5 (London, 1852), p. 263: George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, 'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584', Cryptologia, (8 Feb 2023), p. 91 fn.350 doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  2. ^ Katy Gibbons, English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-century Paris (Boydell, 2011), p. 79: Fanny Cosandey, Dire et vivre l'ordre social en France sous l'Ancien Régime (Paris, 2005), p. 109.
  3. ^ Jade Scott, 'Editing the Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Challenges of Authorship', Woman's Writing, 30:4 (2023), p. 354. doi:10.1080/09699082.2023.2266059
  4. ^ William Barclay Turnbull, Letters of Mary Stuart (London, 1845), p. 345.
  5. ^ Samuel Jebb, De Vita Et Rebus Gestis Serenissimae Principis Mariae Scotorum (London, 1725), p. 626: Sheila R. Richards, Secret Writing in the Public Records (HMSO, 1974), pp. 21, 28: George Akrigg, Letters of King James VI & I (University of California, 1984), p. 55.
  6. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 113 no. 110: Henry Ellis, Original Letters, series 1 vol. 2 (London, 1824), pp. 277–279.
  7. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 183 no. 190.
  8. ^ William Barclay Turnbull, Letters of Mary Stuart (London, 1845), p. 251.
  9. ^ David A. H. B. Taylor, "Damnatio Memoriae: Mary, Queen of Scots' Iconography", Steven J. Reid, Afterlife of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh, 2024), pp. 41–45: Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, vol. 4 (London, 1852), p. 390
  10. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574–1581, 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 241 no. 272
  11. ^ John Daniel Leader, Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity (Sheffield, 1880), pp. 399, 403.
  12. ^ Elizabeth Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard: Life of an artist (Yale, 2019), p. 131.
  13. ^ The Blairs Jewel: Mary Queen of Scots Miniature Reliquary
  14. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1574–1581, 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 234–235 no. 263, 241 no. 273.
  15. ^ John Daniel Leader, Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity (Sheffield, 1880), pp. 398–399 citing British Library Cotton Caligula CIII, 499 & 500.
  16. ^ Almudena Pérez de Tudela Gabaldón, "Medals, Cameos, and Miniatures: Small Format Female Portraits at the Court of Philip II", Noelia García Pérez, Portraiture, Gender, and Power in Sixteenth-Century Art: Creating and Promoting the Public Image of Early Modern Women (Routledge, 2024): "Framing Miniatures in the 17th Century", Celine Cachaud et Philip Mould
  17. ^ John Daniel Leader, Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity (Sheffield, 1880), p. 399.
  18. ^ George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, "Deciphering Mary Stuart's lost letters from 1578-1584", Cryptologia, 47:2 (8 February 2023), p. 139. doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  19. ^ James Dennistoun, Memoirs of the Affairs of the Scotland by David Moysie (Edinburgh: Maitland Club, 1830), p. 23
  20. ^ Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), pp. 185-6
  21. ^ George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, "Deciphering Mary Stuart's lost letters from 1578-1584", Cryptologia, 47:2 (8 February 2023), p. 148. doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  22. ^ HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. 47-62.
  23. ^ Sadler State Papers, 3, p. 209
  24. ^ Sophie Crawford Lomas, Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, vol. 19 (London, 1916), pp. 38–39, 161.
  25. ^ Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the policy of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 2 (Clarendon Press, 1925), pp. 238-9.
  26. ^ Sadler State Papers, 3, pp. 212–213, 215
  27. ^ Sheila R. Richards, Secret Writing in the Public Records (London: HMSO, 1974), p. 29.
  28. ^ Rosalind K. Marshall, Queen Mary's Women: Female Relatives, Servants, Friends and Enemies of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2006), p. 179.
  29. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 278 no. 307, 296 no. 321.
  30. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 341-2 no. 366.
  31. ^ Régis de Chantelauze, Le Journal Inédit De Bourgoing Son Mèdecin La Correspondance D'Amyas Paulet (Paris: Plon, 1876), p. 479
  32. ^ Samuel Cowan, The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician (London, 1907), p. 182
  33. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 9, p. 242 no. 238.
  34. ^ William Joseph Walter, Mary, Queen of Scots. A journal of her twenty years' captivity, 1 (Philadelphia, 1840), p. 228.
  35. ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters, series 2 vol. 3 (London, 1827), p. 169, 'Jacques Nau'.
  36. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), pp. 281–282 no. 275.
  37. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 8 (London, 1914), p. 621 no. 710.
  38. ^ Nadine Akkerman & Pete Langman, Spycraft: Tricks and Tools of the Dangerous Trade (Yale, 2024), p. 89.
  39. ^ William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 54-57 nos 49-50, 89-90 no. 80, 471 no. 378: George Lasry et al, 'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584', Cryptologia (2023), p. 65 fn. 244 doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
  40. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 9 (Glasgow, 1915), pp. 30–31 no. 29.
  41. ^ Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray (Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 110-111.
  42. ^ Leo Hicks, An Elizabethan Problem (London, 1964), p. 142.
  43. ^ Robert Hutchinson, Elizabeth's Spymaster: Francis Walsingham and the Secret War that saved England (London: Phoenix, 2007), p. 129.
  44. ^ Joseph Stevenson, History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau (Edinburgh, 1883), pp. xii-lvii, xlvii-xlix.
  45. ^ Joseph Stevenson, History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau (Edinburgh, 1883), lii-lvi.
  46. ^ Joseph Stevenson, History of Mary Queen of Scots by Claude Nau (1883), pp. xii, xvii, from British Library, Cotton Titus C.xii.
  47. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 524-529.