Chionanthus

Fringetrees
Chionanthus pygmaeus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Tribe:	Oleeae
Subtribe:	Oleinae
Genus:	Chionanthus Royen (1753)
Synonyms[1]
Bonamica Vell. (1829) Ceranthus Schreb. (1789) Cylindria Lour. (1790) Freyeria Scop. (1777) Linociera Sw. ex Schreb. (1791) Majepea Post & Kuntze (1903) Mayepea Aubl. (1775) Minutia Vell. (1829) Sarlina Guillaumin (1952) Tessarandra Miers (1851) Thouinia L.f. (1782)

Chionanthus (/ˌkaɪoʊˈnænθəs/), common name: fringetrees, is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.

Chionanthus virginicus flowers

Chionanthus pubescens

Chionanthus retusus flowers

The genus has a wide distribution primarily in the tropics and subtropics, but with three species extending north into temperate regions, one (C. retusus) in eastern Asia and two (C. virginicus and C. henryae) in eastern North America.[1][2] Most of the tropical species are evergreen, while the three temperate species are deciduous. Some botanists restrict Chionanthus to the deciduous, temperate species, treating the evergreen species in a separate genus Linociera, but apart from leaf persistence, there is no other consistent difference between them.

They are shrubs and small to medium-sized trees growing to 3–25 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple. The flowers are produced in feathery panicles, with a corolla subdivided into four slender lobes; they are white, pale yellow, or tinged pink. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed.[2]

Species

As of January 2024^[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[1]

1. Chionanthus abriaquiensis Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
2. Chionanthus acuminatissimus (Merr.) Kiew ex de Juana
3. Chionanthus acunae (Borhidi & O.Muñiz) Borhidi - Cuba
4. Chionanthus adamsii Stearn - Jamaica
5. Chionanthus albidiflorus Thwaites – Sri Lanka
6. Chionanthus amblirrhinus P.S.Green - Thailand
7. Chionanthus avilensis (Steyerm.) P.S.Green - Venezuela
8. Chionanthus axillaris R.Br. – Australia (Queensland)
9. Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) Stearn – Caribbean
10. Chionanthus bakeri (Urb.) Stearn - Cuba
11. Chionanthus balgooyanus Kiew – Sarawak
12. Chionanthus beccarii (Stapf) Kiew - Sumatra
13. Chionanthus brachystachys (Schltr.) P.S.Green - New Caledonia
14. Chionanthus brassii (Kobuski) Kiew - Papua New Guinea
15. Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Stearn - Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola
16. Chionanthus callophylloides Kiew – Sarawak + Sabah
17. Chionanthus callophyllus Blume – Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
18. Chionanthus caudifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
19. Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn - Cayman Islands
20. Chionanthus celebicus Koord - Sulawesi
21. Chionanthus chrysopetalus Cornejo ex Lombardi
22. Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
23. Chionanthus colonchensis Cornejo & Bonifaz - Ecuador
24. Chionanthus compactus Sw. – Caribbean
25. Chionanthus coriaceus (S.Vidal) Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu - Taiwan + Philippines
26. Chionanthus cordulatus Koord.
27. Chionanthus courtallensis Bedd.
28. Chionanthus crassifolius (Mart.) P.S.Green - Brazil
29. Chionanthus crispus Kiew – Sabah
30. Chionanthus curvicarpus Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
31. Chionanthus cuspidatus Blume - Borneo
32. Chionanthus decipiens P.S.Green - Myanmar + Thailand
33. Chionanthus densiflorus Zoll. & Moritzi - Java
34. Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Stearn - Hispaniola
35. Chionanthus diversifolius Miq - Sumatra
36. Chionanthus domingensis Lam. – Caribbean
37. Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urb.) Stearn - Dominica + Martinique
38. Chionanthus ellipticus Blume - Java + Sumatra
39. Chionanthus enerve (Steenis) Kiew - Borneo
40. Chionanthus eriorachis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
41. Chionanthus evenius (Stapf) Kiew – Malesia
42. Chionanthus ferrugineus (Gilg) P.S.Green - Brazil
43. Chionanthus filiformis (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil
44. Chionanthus fluminensis (Miers) P.S.Green - Brazil
45. Chionanthus gardneriorum Kiew
46. Chionanthus gigas (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
47. Chionanthus globosus (Kiew) Kiew – Borneo
48. Chionanthus glomeratus Blume - Sumatra
49. Chionanthus grandifolius (Elmer) Kiew - Philippines
50. Chionanthus greenii Lombardi - Brazil
51. Chionanthus guangxiensis B.M.Miao. – Southeastern China (Guangxi).
52. Chionanthus guianensis (Aubl.) Pers - Venezuela + French Guiana
53. Chionanthus hahlii (Rech.) Kiew - Bismarck, Solomons, Samoa
54. Chionanthus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) B.M.Miao. – Southern China (Hainan)
55. Chionanthus havilandii Kiew – Borneo
56. Chionanthus henryae H.L.Li - USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas)
57. Chionanthus henryanus P.S.Green. – Southwestern China, Burma
58. Chionanthus holdridgei (Camp & Monach.) Stearn – Caribbean
59. Chionanthus implicatus (Rusby) P.S.Green - South America
60. Chionanthus jamaicensis (Urb.) Stearn - Jamaica
61. Chionanthus kajewskii (Sleumer) Kiew - Solomon Islands
62. Chionanthus kinabaluensis Kiew – Borneo
63. Chionanthus kostermansii Kiew
64. Chionanthus lancifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
65. Chionanthus leopoldii Kiew – Borneo
66. Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. – Caribbean
67. Chionanthus littoreus Miq - Sumatra
68. Chionanthus longiflorus (H.L.Li) B.M.Miao. – Southwestern China (Yunnan)
69. Chionanthus longipetalus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
70. Chionanthus lucens Kiew – Sabah
71. Chionanthus luzonicus Blume - Philippines
72. Chionanthus macrobotrys (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
73. Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume – Indonesia, Malaysia
74. Chionanthus macrothyrsus (Merr.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
75. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green - India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Andaman Islands
76. Chionanthus maxwellii P.S.Green - Thailand
77. Chionanthus megistocarpus Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
78. Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes - Brazil
79. Chionanthus microbotrys (Kerr) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
80. Chionanthus microstigma (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
81. Chionanthus minutiflorus Kurz - Burma
82. Chionanthus montanus Blume - Java, Sulawesi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
83. Chionanthus nitens Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sulawesi
84. Chionanthus nitidus (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
85. Chionanthus oblanceolatus (B.L.Rob.) P.S.Green - Mexico + Central America
86. Chionanthus oblongifolius Koord. & Valeton - Java
87. Chionanthus oliganthus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
88. Chionanthus pachyphyllus (Merr.) Kiew – Borneo
89. Chionanthus palustris Kiew – Borneo
90. Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn - Mexico, Central America
91. Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada - Thailand, Vietnam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
92. Chionanthus parviflorus Cornejo, Lombardi & W.W.Thomas
93. Chionanthus pedunculatus P.S.Green - New Caledonia
94. Chionanthus plurifloroides Kiew – Borneo
95. Chionanthus pluriflorus (Knobl.) Kiew – Borneo
96. Chionanthus polycephalus Kiew – Borneo
97. Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
98. Chionanthus porcatus Kiew – Borneo
99. Chionanthus proctorii Stearn - Jamaica
100. Chionanthus pubescens Kunth. – Ecuador, Peru
101. Chionanthus pubicalyx (Ridl.) Kiew – Borneo
102. Chionanthus purpureus Lam. - Sri Lanka
103. Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (Pygmy fringetree) – Southeastern United States (Florida)
104. Chionanthus pyriformis Kiew
105. Chionanthus quadristamineus F.Muell. – Australia (Lord Howe Island endemic)
106. Chionanthus racemosus (Merr.) Kiew & Pelser
107. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxburgh – Australia (Queensland), southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam
108. Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
109. Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (Chinese fringetree) – China, Japan, Korea
110. Chionanthus riparius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
111. Chionanthus robinsonii (Gagnep.) B.H.Quang
112. Chionanthus rostratus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. - Java
113. Chionanthus rugosus Kiew – Borneo
114. Chionanthus rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew - Indonesia, New Guinea
115. Chionanthus sabahensis Kiew – Sabah
116. Chionanthus salicifolius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
117. Chionanthus sessiliflorus (Hemsl.) Kiew - New Guinea + Solomon Islands
118. Chionanthus sleumeri (C.T.White) Stearn – Australia (Queensland)
119. Chionanthus sordidus Kiew
120. Chionanthus spicatus Blume – Borneo
121. Chionanthus spicifer (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
122. Chionanthus stenurus (Merr.) Kiew - Sulawesi
123. Chionanthus subcapitatus (Merr.) B.H.Quang
124. Chionanthus subsessilis (Eichler) P.S.Green - Brazil
125. Chionanthus sulawesicus Kiew
126. Chionanthus sumatranus Blume - Sumatra + Andaman Islands
127. Chionanthus sutepensis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
128. Chionanthus tenuis P.S.Green - Brazil
129. Chionanthus thorelii (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
130. Chionanthus timorensis Blume - Timor
131. Chionanthus trichotomus (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
132. Chionanthus urbanii (Knobl.) Stearn - Hispaniola
133. Chionanthus vargasii Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
134. Chionanthus velutinus (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
135. Chionanthus verruculatus D.Fang - China (Guangxi)
136. Chionanthus virginicus L. (White fringetree) – Eastern United States (Texas to Florida to Massachusetts to Missouri)
137. Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C.Sm. - Niue, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga
138. Chionanthus wurdackii B.Ståhl - Peru
139. Chionanthus zeylanicus L. - Sri Lanka, southern India
140. Chionanthus zollingerianus Koord. & Valeton - Java

References

1. Chionanthus Royen. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
2. Flora of China v 15 p 293, genus Chionanthus

Cited works

• Chang, Mei-chen; Chiu, Lien-ching; Wei, Zhi; Green, Peter S. (2008) [1992]. "Oleaceae; Chionanthus". In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P. H. (eds.). Flora of China. Vol. 15 (Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae). Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 26 June 2013 – via eFloras.
• Green, P. S. (1994). "Chionanthus". In Wilson, A. J. G. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island (online version). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-644-29385-3. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
• F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

External links

• University of Pretoria: Chionanthus foveolatus