Carol Christine Smart[1]CBE (born 20 December 1948[2]) is a feminist sociologist and academic at the University of Manchester.[3][4] She has also conducted research about divorce and children of divorced couples.[5][6]
Smart began her academic career by studying sociology at Portsmouth Polytechnic, which is now Portsmouth University. After completing her BA, she moved on to complete her masters in criminology from the University of Sheffield. She also completed her PhD in Socio-Legal studies also from Sheffield in 1983.
Smart began her teaching career at the then, Trent Polytechnic, (as a lecturer and senior lecturer). After that, she became a professor at the University of Leeds. In 2005, she moved to the Morgan Centre for the Study of Relationships and Personal Life in the Arthur Lewis Building of the University of Manchester, where she was co-director. She retired in 2014.[8]
Smart has published works in the areas of criminology, family law and social policy. Her main interests over the last few years have been family life and intimacy and how people conduct their personal lives. Smart has done much research on divorce and separation and how this affects children, the couple and other kin, and on gay and lesbian civil partnerships and their commitment ceremonies. More recently she has been working on 'Relative Strangers',[9] a project which explores the experiences of families with donor-conceived children.
Gorman, Eleanor Miller (September 1978). "Women, crime and criminology: a feminist critique. by Carol Smart (Book review)". American Journal of Sociology. 84 (2): 501–503. doi:10.1086/226810. JSTOR2777875.
Smart, Carol; Smart, Barry (eds) (1978). Women, sexuality, and social control. London Boston: Routledge and K. Paul. ISBN9780710087232. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
Book review (February 1985). "The ties that bind: law, marriage, and the reproduction of patriarchal relations. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 47 (1): 240–241. doi:10.2307/352090. JSTOR352090.
Luxton, Meg (November 1990). "Child Custody and the Politics of Gender. by Carol Smart and Selma Sevenhuijsen (Book review)". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 52 (4): 1153–1154. doi:10.2307/353327. JSTOR353327.
Yeatman, Anna (September 1993). "Regulating womanhood: historical essays on marriage, motherhood, and sexuality. by Carol Smart (Book review)". American Journal of Sociology. 99 (2): 538–540. doi:10.1086/230306. JSTOR2781720.
Smart, Carol (1995). Law, crime and sexuality: essays in feminism. London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub. ISBN9780803989603.
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren; Wade, Amanda (2001). The changing experience of childhood: families and divorce. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN9780745624006.
Morrow, Virginia (June 2002). "The changing experience of childhood: families and divorce. by Carol Smart; Bren Neale and Amanda Wade (Book review)". Acta Sociologica. 45 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1177/000169930204500209. S2CID142159016.
Neale, Bren; Smart, Carol (2001). Good to talk?: conversations with children after divorce. London: Young Voice. ISBN9781903456026.
Smart, Carol; Wade, Amanda (2002). Facing family change: children's circumstances, strategies and resources. York: York Publishing Services for Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN9781842630778.
Smart, Carol (2007). Personal life: new directions in sociological thinking. Cambridge, UK Malden, MA: Polity. ISBN9780745639178.
Smart, Carol; Heaphy, Brian; Einarsdottir, Anna (2013). Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Genders and sexualities in the social sciences. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN9780230300231.
Journal articles
Smart, Carol (March 1977). "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women". The British Journal of Sociology. 28 (1): 89–100. doi:10.2307/589710. JSTOR589710. PMID858017.
Reproduced as:
Smart, Carol (1995), "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Smart, Carol (ed.), Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 16–31, ISBN9780803989603
Smart, Carol (2008), "Chapter 1.1 Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Evans, Karen; Jamieson, Janet (eds.), Gender and crime: a reader, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England New York: Open University Press, pp. 5–15, ISBN9780335225231(Available online.)
Smart, Carol (March 1984). "Social policy and drug addiction: a critical study of policy development". British Journal of Addiction. 79 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00245.x. PMID6584163.
Smart, Carol (1995), "The woman of legal discourse.", in Smart, Carol (ed.), Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 186–202, ISBN9780803989603
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren (1997). "'Good' and 'bad' lawyers? Struggling in the shadow of the new law". Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. 19 (4): 377–402. doi:10.1080/09649069708410207.
Smart, Carol (July 2002). "From children's shoes to children's voices?". Family Court Review. 40 (3): 305–319. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.2002.tb00842.x.
Smart, Carol (May 2003). "New Perspectives on Childhood and Divorce: an introduction?". Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research. 10 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1177/0907568203010002001. S2CID220341113.
Smart, Carol (2004). "Changing landscapes of family life: rethinking divorce?". Social Policy and Society. 3 (4): 401–408. doi:10.1017/S1474746404002040. S2CID153466522.
Smart, Carol (November 2004). "Equal Shares: Rights for Fathers or Recognition for Children?". Critical Social Policy. 24 (4): 484–50. doi:10.1177/0261018304046673. S2CID144327234.
Smart, Carol (October 2005). "Textures of family life: further thoughts on change and commitment". Journal of Social Policy. 34 (4): 541–556. doi:10.1017/S0047279405009141. S2CID146469726.
Smart, Carol (October 2010). "Law and the regulation of family secrets". International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. 24 (3): 397–413. doi:10.1093/lawfam/ebq007.
Book chapters
Smart, Carol (1995), "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Smart, Carol (ed.), Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 16–31, ISBN9780803989603
Smart, Carol (1995), "The woman of legal discourse.", in Smart, Carol (ed.), Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 186–202, ISBN9780803989603
Smart, Carol (1998), "Chapter 2: the woman of legal discourse", in Daly, Kathleen; Maher, Lisa (eds.), Criminology at the crossroads: feminist readings in crime and justice, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–36, ISBN9780195113433
Smart, Carol (2000), "New dimensions to gendered power relations in families.", in Cook, Joanne; Roberts, Jennifer; Waylen, Georgina (eds.), Towards a gendered political economy, New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Political Economy Research Centre, the University of Sheffield, pp. 188–204, ISBN9780333748718
Smart, Carol (2000), "Divorce in England 1950–2000: a moral tale?", in Katz, Sanford N.; Eekelaar, John; Maclean, Mavis (eds.), Cross currents: family law and policy in the United States and England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 363–387, ISBN9780198299448
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren (2002), "Caring, earning and changing: parenthood and employment after divorce.", in Carling, Alan; Duncan, Simon; Edwards, Rosalind (eds.), Analysing families : morality and rationality in policy and practice, London New York: Routledge, pp. 183–198, ISBN9780415250405
Smart, Carol (2003), "Chapter 10: Children and the transformation of family law.", in Dewar, John; Parker, Stephen (eds.), Family law processes, practices, and pressures: proceedings of the Tenth World Conference of the International Society of Family Law, July 2000, Brisbane, Australia, Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 719–720, ISBN9781841133089
Smart, Carol; Wade, Amanda (2003), "As fair as it can be? childhood after divorce.", in Jensen, An-Magritt; McKee, Lorna (eds.), Children and the changing family: between transformation and negotiation, London New York: RoutledgeFalmer, pp. 105–119, ISBN9780415277747
Smart, Carol (2005), "Changing commitments: a study of close kin after divorce.", in Maclean, Mavis (ed.), Family law and family values, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing Ltd, pp. 137–153, ISBN9781841135489
Smart, Carol (2006), "The ethic of justice strikes back: changing narratives of fatherhood.", in Diduck, Alison; O'Donovan, Katherine (eds.), Feminist perspectives on family law, Abingdon England New York: Glass House Publications, Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 123–138, ISBN9780415420365
Smart, Carol (2006), "Parenting disputes, gender conflict and the courts.", in Thorpe, Mathew; Budden, Rosemary (eds.), Durable solutions: The collected papers of the Family Justice Councils' Interdisciplinary Conference (and associated plenary sessions), held at Dartington Hall Conference Centre, Bristol: Family Law, Jordan Publishers, pp. 103–111, ISBN9781846610035
Smart, Carol (2006), "Preface", in Sheldon, Sally; Collier, Richard (eds.), Fathers' rights activism and law reform in comparative perspective, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart, pp. vii–xii, ISBN9781847312808
May, Vanessa; Smart, Carol (2007), "The parenting contest: problems of ongoing conflict over children.", in Maclean, Mavis (ed.), Parenting after partnering : containing conflict after separation, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, pp. 65–80, ISBN9781841137827
Smart, Carol (2008), "Chapter 1.1 Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Evans, Karen; Jamieson, Janet (eds.), Gender and crime: a reader, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England New York: Open University Press, pp. 5–15, ISBN9780335225231(Available online.)
Smart, Carol (2009), "Making kin: relationality and law", in Bottomley, Anne; Wong, Simone (eds.), Changing contours of domestic life, family and law : caring and sharing., Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, pp. 7–24, ISBN9781841139043
Smart, Carol (2010), "Resensando el derecho de familia. (Rethinking family law.)", in Heim, Daniela; Bodelón González, Encarna (eds.), Derecho, género e igualdad : cambios en las estructuras jurídicas androcéntricas, vol. 1, Bellaterra: Grupo Antígona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 355–372, ISBN9788469291900
Smart, Carol (2011), "Close relationships and personal life.", in May, Vanessa (ed.), Sociology of personal life, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35–47, ISBN9780230278974
Smart, Carol (2011), "Children's personal lives.", in May, Vanessa (ed.), Sociology of personal life, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 98–108, ISBN9780230278974
Smart, Carol (2011), "Relationality and socio-cultural theories of family life", in Jallinoja, Riitta; Widmer, Eric (eds.), Families and kinship in contemporary Europe : rules and practices of relatedness, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 13–30, ISBN9780230284289
Reports
A set of reports funded by the Department for Constitutional Affairs using qualitative data, specifically, interviews with parents who had taken their disputes over residence and contact with their children to court. The 2003 reports relate to interviews conducted at the start of the legal process whilst the 2005 reports relate to interviews conducted as the cases were concluded.
Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa; Wade, Amanda; Furniss, Clare (2003). Residence and contact disputes in court: volume 1. DCA Research Series. London: Dept. for Constitutional Affairs, Research Unit (HMSO). ISBN978-1-84099-052-2.
Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa; Wade, Amanda; Furniss, Clare (2003). Residence and contact disputes in court: volume 2. DCA Research Series. London: Dept. for Constitutional Affairs, Research Unit (HMSO). ISBN978-1-84099-060-7.
^"Carol Smart". Morgan Centre for the Study of Relationships and Personal Life. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
^Phillips, Angela (17 October 2003). "Why a child is not a house". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2010. New research from a longitudinal study by Carol Smart of the Care, Values and the Future of Welfare (Cava) research programme at the University of Leeds asked children what it actually feels like to be shared.
