Immature fruiting headBarbs on awn of Bidens pilosaInflorescences
Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands,[2] and is classified as an invasive species in some regions of the world.[3][4]
Description
Bidens pilosa is a branched annual forb of gracilehabit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are all oppositely arranged and range from simple to pinnate in form, the upper leaves with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged.[5]
The plant may flower at any time of the year, but mainly in summer and autumn in temperate regions. The flowers are small heads borne on relatively long peduncles. The heads consist of about four or five broad white ray florets (ligules), surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets without ligules that develop into barbed fruits.[6]
The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, typically with two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends.
The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed spines of the achenes get stuck in the feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, etc. of people or animals that brush against the plant.[7][8]
It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals. This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions.[4][5][9]
Distribution
The species is native to tropical America, widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world.[10][11] A weed of gardens, woodlands and waste areas.[12][13][14]
Common names
Its many English common names include black-jack,[15]: 819 beggarticks, hairy beggarticks, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, Devils Pitchfork, hitch hikers and sticky beaks.[16][17][18]
Uses
Although Bidens pilosa is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is also a source of food and alternative medicine.[19] The leaves have a resinous flavor, are eaten raw or in stews or dried for storage. In eastern Africa it is used for medicinal purposes for its healing power for wounds.[20]
During the Vietnam War, soldiers[which?] adopted the herb as a vegetable, which led to it being known as the "soldier vegetable".[21]
It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough. Even then it must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing.[22][23]
Extracts from Bidens pilosa are used in Southern Africa for malaria.[23]
^Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
^Pieroni, Andrea (2005). "Gathering food from the wild". In Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN0415927463.
^Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN978-9745240896.
