Benzyl alcohol

Not to be confused with benzoic acid, cresol, or phenol.

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name Phenylmethanol (Hydroxymethyl)benzene
Other names Benzyl alcohol α-Cresol α-Toluenol α-Hydroxytoluene alpha-Hydroxyphenylmethane Phenylcarbinol Benzenemethanol Benzyl hydroxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	100-51-6^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:17987^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL720^Y
ChemSpider	13860335^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.002.600
EC Number	202-859-9
E number	E1519 (additional chemicals)
KEGG	D00077^Y
PubChem CID	244
RTECS number	DN3150000
UNII	LKG8494WBH^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5020152
InChI InChI=1S/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H2^Y Key: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y InChI=1/C7H8O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6H2 Key: WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYAH
SMILES c1ccc(cc1)CO c1ccc(cc1)CO
Properties[1]
Chemical formula	C7H8O
Molar mass	108.140 g·mol^−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Odor	Slightly aromatic
Density	1.044 g/cm^3
Melting point	−15.2 °C (4.6 °F; 257.9 K)
Boiling point	205.3 °C (401.5 °F; 478.4 K)
Solubility in water	3.50 g/100 mL (20 °C) 4.29 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility in other solvents	Miscible with benzene, methanol, chloroform, ethanol, ether, acetone
log P	1.10
Vapor pressure	0.18 kPa (60 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	15.40
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−71.83·10^−6 cm^3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.5396
Viscosity	5.474 cP
Dipole moment	1.67 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S^⦵298)	217.8 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH^⦵298)	−352 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 0
Flash point	93 °C (199 °F; 366 K)
Autoignition temperature	436 °C (817 °F; 709 K)
Explosive limits	1.3–13%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1250 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Pharmacology
ATC code	P03AX06 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is ^YN ?) Infobox references

Benzyl alcohol (also known as α-cresol) is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C₆H₅CH₂OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.

Natural occurrences

Benzyl alcohol is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas. It is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.[2] It is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.[3] Benzyl esters also occur naturally.[4]

Preparation

Benzyl alcohol is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:

C₆H₅CH₂Cl + H₂O → C₆H₅CH₂OH + HCl

Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.[5]

For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C₆H₅MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give benzyl alcohol. The latter also gives benzoic acid, an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.

Reactions

Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.[6]

Benzyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide. This is an example of a Ritter reaction:[7]

C₆H₅CH₂OH + NCCHCH₂ → C₆H₅CH₂N(H)C(O)CHCH₂

Applications

Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. Thus it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.[8]

It is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.

It can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.[9]

As a dye solvent, it enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.[10]

Use in health care

Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.[11] Some caution is necessary if a high percent of benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.[11][12]

Benzyl alcohol, sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.[13] It affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.[13] These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.[13]

Benzyl alcohol is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.[13]

Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. It is a common ingredient in a variety of household products.

Safety

Sensitization to benzyl alcohol occurs very rarely, mainly in patients with stasis dermatitis.[14]

Benzyl alcohol is not considered to be a carcinogen, and no data are available regarding teratogenic or reproductive effects.[5]

Benzyl alcohol has low acute toxicity with an LD₅₀ of 1.2 g/kg in rats.[5] It oxidizes rapidly in healthy individuals to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver, and excreted as hippuric acid. Very high concentrations can result in toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis.

Benzyl alcohol is toxic to neonates and is associated with the gasping syndrome.[15][16][17]

References

1. "Benzyl alcohol". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009.
2. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ed.). Merck. 1989. ISBN 091191028X., 1138
3. Dietland Muller-Schwarze (2003). The Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Cornell University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8014-5010-5.
4. d'Auria, John C.; Chen, Feng; Pichersky, Eran (2002). "Characterization of an Acyltransferase Capable of Synthesizing Benzylbenzoate and Other Volatile Esters in Flowers and Damaged Leaves of Clarkia breweri". Plant Physiology. 130 (1): 466–476. doi:10.1104/pp.006460. PMC 166578. PMID 12226525.
5. Friedrich Brühne; Elaine Wright (2007). "Benzyl Alcohol". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_001. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
6. Furuta, Kyoji; Gao, Qing-Zhi; Yamamoto, Hisashi (1995). "Chiral (Acyloxy)borane Complex-Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reaction: (1R)-1,3,4-Trimethyl-3-Cyclohexene-1-Carboxaldehyde". Organic Syntheses. 72: 86; Collected Volumes, vol. 9, p. 722.
7. Parris, Chester L. (1962). "N-benzylacrylamide". Organic Syntheses. 42: 16; Collected Volumes, vol. 5, p. 73.
8. Benzyl alcohol, chemicalland21.com, archived from the original on 21 April 2009, retrieved 14 May 2006
9. Wilson, L.; Martin, S. (May 1999). "Benzyl alcohol as an alternative local anesthetic". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 33 (5): 495–499. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70335-5. PMID 10216324.
10. Michael Ash; Irene Ash (2004). Handbook of Preservatives. Synapse Info Resources. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-890595-66-1.
11. H. A. Mashayekhi; M. Rezaee; Sh. S. Garmaroudi; N. Montazeri; S. J. Ahmadi (2011). "Rapid and sensitive determination of benzaldehyde arising from benzyl alcohol used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography". Anal. Sci. 27 (8): 865–868. doi:10.2116/analsci.27.865. PMID 21828928.
12. N. N. Sudareva; E. V. Chubarova (2006). "Time-dependent conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and benzoic acid in aqueous solutions". J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41 (4): 1380–1385. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.028. PMID 16564153.
13. "Ulesfia- benzyl alcohol lotion". DailyMed. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
14. "Registration Dossier - ECHA". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
15. Carl R. Baum (2008), "Examples of mass exposures involving the pediatric population", in Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek (eds.), Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, p. 726.
16. Juan Gershanik; et al. (1982), "The gasping syndrome and benzyl alcohol poisoning", N Engl J Med, 307 (22): 1384–8, doi:10.1056/nejm198211253072206, PMID 7133084.
17. Clouser, Amanda; Diseroad, Emily (11 February 2022). "Harmful excipients for pediatric patients". Contemporary Pediatrics. 39 (1). Retrieved 1 October 2024.

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0833