Behavioral endocrinology

Behavioral endocrinology is a branch of endocrinology that studies the Neuroendocrine system and its effects on behavior.[1] Behavioral endocrinology studies the biological mechanisms that produce behaviors, this gives insight into the evolutionary past.[2] The field has roots in ethology, endocrinology and psychology.[3]

The neuroendocrine system

Main article: Neuroendocrinology

The neuroendocrine system is an integrated system composed of neurons, glands and non-endocrine tissues, and the hormones and neurochemicals they produce and receive collectively regulate physiological or behavioral state.[4]

Hypothalamus

Main article: Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a distinct part of the brain that is made up of neurons and its main purpose is to maintain homeostasis.[5] The hypothalamus also plays an important part in survival of the individual by integrating the interactions between hormonal and behavioral processes, such as, eating behavior and aggressive behavior.[5]

Pituitary gland

Main article: Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland located in the brain is a major system in neuroendocrine system because the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is directly regulated by the central nervous system.[6]

Neuroendocrine regulation of behavior

Social behavior, reproductive behavior, moods, feelings, attitudes, development and survival are affected by the neuroendocrine system and studied in the field of behavioral endocrinology.[2][7]

Adrenal Hormones

Main article: Adrenal hormones

Cortisol

Main article: Cortisol

See the Cortisol: Memory and Stress sections for more information on how cortisol has been found to affect behavior.[citation needed]

Adrenaline

Main article: Adrenaline

See the Adrenaline: Emotional response and Memory sections for more information on how adrenaline affects behavior.[citation needed]

Sex Steroids

Main article: Sex hormone

Testosterone

Testosterone is secreted by the testicles of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. See Testosterone: Aggression and criminality and Testosterone: Brain for more information on how testosterone effects behavior.[citation needed]

Estrogen

Estrogens, together, make up a group of primary female sex hormones synthesized in the ovaries. See Estrogen: Brain and behavior for more on the role of estrogen in behavioral endocrinology.

Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid hormones are responsible for controlling metabolism, nervous system, body temperature and development of several organ systems such as the reproductive system.

Diseases and medicine

Main article: Endocrine disease

Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are the two major dysfunctions associated to behavioral and brain chemistry changes due to the imbalances in the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).[8]

History

Behavioral endocrinology has roots in ethology and is also seen as a combination of endocrinology and psychology. Like ethology, behavioral endocrinology focuses on behavior on the level of the whole organism. The invention of radioimmunoassay techniques revolutionized behavioral endocrinology, allowing scientists to see and quantify hormones. The field historically resists reductionist thinking and focuses on the physiological aspects of behavior. [3]

Influential scientists

Charles Otis Whitman

Karl Lashley

Organizations

  1. Society of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology- Platform that provides a network between interested persons from all different experience levels. [9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Becker, Jill B.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Crews, David. (1992). Behavioral endocrinology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0262023423. OCLC 24247523.
  2. ^ a b Welling, Lisa L. M.; Shackelford, Todd K. (2019-05-09), "Future Directions in Human Behavioral Endocrinology", The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology, Oxford University Press, pp. 432–441, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.013.22, ISBN 9780190649739
  3. ^ a b Marler, Peter (2005-04-01). "Ethology and the origins of behavioral endocrinology". Hormones and Behavior. 47 (4): 493–502. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.01.002. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 15777816. S2CID 16538119.
  4. ^ Levine, Jon E. (2012-01-01), Fink, George; Pfaff, Donald W.; Levine, Jon E. (eds.), "Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Neuroendocrine Systems", Handbook of Neuroendocrinology, Academic Press, pp. 3–19, ISBN 9780123750976, retrieved 2019-10-07
  5. ^ a b Hennig, J. (2001-01-01), "Hypothalamus", in Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, pp. 7113–7118, ISBN 9780080430768, retrieved 2019-10-07
  6. ^ Goodman, H. Maurice (2009-01-01), Goodman, H. Maurice (ed.), "Chapter 2 - Pituitary Gland", Basic Medical Endocrinology (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, pp. 29–42, ISBN 9780123739759, retrieved 2019-10-07
  7. ^ Welling, Lisa L. M.; Shackelford, Todd K. (2019). Welling, Lisa L. M.; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology. Oxford library of psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-064973-9. OCLC 1033551068.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ^ Bauer, Michael; Whybrow, Peter C. (2002), "Thyroid Hormone, Brain, and Behavior", Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Elsevier, pp. 239–264, doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50023-8, ISBN 9780125321044
  9. ^ "About Us". Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology. Retrieved 2019-10-07.