en Battle of Cingoli

The Battle of Cingoli was fought in 1250 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the armies of the Guelphs and the Papal States, the area being so notable due to its nickname as "The Balcony of Marche". The Imperial forces inflicted a crushing defeat on the Pope's factions.^[1]^[2] After the battle, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor was smitten with dysentery, and Pope Innocent IV declared the illness to be an act of God. This was most probably due to the Emperor's excommunication; a common threat and practice for subduing overconfident Catholic leadership.

References

^ Partner, Peter (2023-11-15). The Lands of St Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. Univ of California Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-520-32258-5.
^ Memorie istoriche della città di Fano raccolte, e pubblicate da Pietro-Maria Amiani. Parte prima [-seconda] (in Italian). 1751. p. 203.

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[1] Partner, Peter (2023-11-15). The Lands of St Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance. Univ of California Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-520-32258-5.

[2] Memorie istoriche della città di Fano raccolte, e pubblicate da Pietro-Maria Amiani. Parte prima [-seconda] (in Italian). 1751. p. 203.

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