Battle of Anguilla

Battle of Anguilla
	Part of the War of the Austrian Succession
	; Modern-day view of the site of the French landing
Date	21 May 1745
Location	Anguilla, British West Indies18°10′37″N 63°06′45″W / 18.17694°N 63.11250°W
Result	British victory
Belligerents
Great Britain	France
Commanders and leaders
Arthur Hodge	Le Touché
Strength
150 soldiers	2 frigates ; 3 privateers ; 2 ship's tenders ; 759 soldiers
Casualties and losses
7 killed or wounded	35 killed or drowned ; 65 wounded; 50 captured

The Battle of Anguilla was a military engagement that took place on the British controlled Caribbean island of Anguilla on 1 June 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession. A French force landed 760 men and marched inland but were repulsed with heavy losses by the British who then counter-attacked forcing the French to flee causing the loss of 100 casualties as well as fifty captured.^[3]^[4]

Background

The War of the Austrian Succession had brought the fighting over to the rest of the French and British colonial territories in India and the Caribbean. Convoys and holdings of each nation were a target or a threat.^[1]

In 1744, a 300-strong British colonial force consisting of militia, slaves and regulars accompanied by two privateers from Saint Kitts invaded the French half of neighbouring Saint Martin, holding it until the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.^[2] In late May 1745 two French royal frigates of 36 and 30 guns respectively under Commodore La Touché, plus three privateers sailed from Martinique in retaliation to invade and capture Anguilla.^[5]

The British on Anguilla were aware of the threat and thus readied themselves with around 150 militia and regulars from the islands small garrison.^[3]

Assault

On 21 May early in the morning, they were surprised by a fleet of French, consisting of two warships, one of 36 Guns, the other of 32, with three Privateers, and two Dutch vessels, used as tenders. At a place named by his namesake Katouche Bay, Le Touché landed 759 men on shore. The surprise landing was a great encouragement to the French, but a great discouragement to the British seeing as they were heavily outnumbered.^[3] The Governor Arthur Hodge, formed their defenders into three platoons, and posted them in a very narrow path behind well hidden breast-works by which the French were to pass.^[5] The first of which would contain twenty-two men of regulars, commanded by Captain Richardson.^[6] In effect the French were advancing into carefully placed ambush. These engaged the French, firing by platoons regularly, and with a good accuracy, they took a heavy toll on the attackers. Within a few minutes the advance guard broke rank and soon fled.^[6] Within fifteen minutes the other sections repeated the same fate holding their ground as the rest of the French advanced and they too also retreated.^[3]

The British then launched a counterattack pursuing the retreating French as they headed back towards their boats in the bay. The retreat turned into a rout as the panicked French tried to get into their boats.^[1] The French ships opened up fire on the British who halted their pursuit and then rounded up the prisoners. Many of the French attackers drowned as they tried to get to their boats.^[3]

The small British force expected a fresh attack the next day but the French encountering heavy resistance decided not to push on and thus withdrew to Martinique.^[5]

Aftermath

In this action at least 100 French were killed, drowned or wounded while another 50 were taken prisoner. The British buried 35 dead, and were in search of the few remaining French soldiers some who hid in the bushes including a few who were wounded.^[3] Among the dead were the second captain of Commodore Le Touché, the first lieutenant of the second warship; Captain Rolough from a privateer; the Governor of Saint Barthélemy’s son, and several other officers.^[1]

Touché set on shore a flag of truce to ask for prisoners back in exchange for articles such as food, wine and stores.^[6] Touché was wounded in his arm and thigh.^[3]

The British force had suffered seven casualties but had captured two French colours, many firearms, cartouch boxes, hand grenades and swivel guns.^[7] According to the governor, the spoils were given to the black population of the island as a reward for their assistance in the defence of the island.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Olson & Shadle pp 64–65
^ ^a ^b "Anguilla's History", The Anguilla House of Assembly Elections, Government of Anguilla, 2007, archived from the original on 13 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Richmond pp 221–23
^ ^a ^b Marley p. 268
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Southley, Thomas (1827). Chronological History of the West Indies: Vol II. p. 303.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF 1745 FRENCH INVASION". The Anguilla Archeological and Historical Society. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
^ The British chronologist: comprehending every material occurrence, ecclesiastical, civil, or military, relative to England and Wales, from the invasion of the Romans to the present time, Volume 2. G. Kearsley. 1775. p. 353.

Bibliography

Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere. ABC Clio. ISBN 978-1598841008.
Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313293665.
Richmond, Herbert W (2012). The Navy in the war of 1739–48 (Volume 2). Cambridge University Press (Reprint). ISBN 978-1107660694.