Ballot

A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting.^[1] It was originally a small ball (see blackballing) used to record decisions made by voters in Italy around the 16th century.^[2]

Each voter uses one ballot, and ballots are not shared. In the simplest elections, a ballot may be a simple scrap of paper on which each voter writes in the name of a candidate, but governmental elections use pre-printed ballots to protect the secrecy of the votes. The voter casts their ballot in a box at a polling station.

In British English, this is usually called a "ballot paper".^[3] The word ballot is used for an election process within an organization (such as a trade union "holding a ballot" of its members).

Etymology

The word ballot comes from Italian ballotta, meaning a "small ball used in voting" or a "secret vote taken by ballots" in Venice, Italy.^[4]

History

In ancient Greece, citizens used pieces of broken pottery to scratch in the name of the target of the ostracism.

The first use of paper ballots to conduct an election appears to have been in Rome in 139 BC, following the introduction of the lex Gabinia tabellaria.

In ancient India, around 920 AD, in Tamil Nadu, palm leaves were used for village assembly elections. The palm leaves with candidate names were put inside a mud pot for counting. This was called Kudavolai system.^[5]^[6]^[7]

The first use of paper ballots in America was in 1629 within the Massachusetts Bay Colony to select a pastor for the Salem Church.^[8] Paper ballots were pieces of paper marked and supplied by voters.

Before the introduction of the secret ballot, American political parties distributed ballots listing their own candidates for party supporters to deposit in ballot boxes.

Ancient Greek ostraca, 5th century BC, Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus
Ancient Greek bronze secret ballots used to cast a juror's vote on a case, 3rd century BC, Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus
1864 ballot of the National Union Party (United States)

Types of voting systems

Depending on the type of voting system used in the election, different ballots may be used. Ranked ballots allow voters to rank candidates in order of preference, while ballots for first-past-the-post systems only allow voters to select one candidate for each position. In party-list systems, lists may be open or closed.

Ballot for the 2016 election of the Australian House of Representatives, using instant-runoff voting. Voters rank candidates in order of preference.
Ballot from the 2021 German federal election, using mixed-member proportional representation. Voters choose a candidate (left, in black) and a party (right, in blue).
Ballot from the 2017 legislative election in Austria, using party list proportional representation. Voters choose one party.
Ballot from a 2021 local election in the United Kingdom, using first-past-the-post. Voters choose one candidate.
Voting officers visit to collect ballot papers from home

Design

Ballot design can aid or inhibit clarity in an election. Poor designs lead to confusion and potentially chaos if large numbers of voters spoil or mismark a ballot. The "butterfly ballot" used in the Palm Beach County, Florida 2000 U.S. presidential election (a ballot paper that has names down both sides, with a single column of punch holes in the center, which has been likened to a maze^[9]^[10]) led to widespread allegations of mismarked ballots.^[11] The ballot was designed to have a larger print, making it easier for the elderly voters of Palm Beach to read, but instead, it led to the names of candidates being alternately offset, with lines on both sides of each punch hole, creating confusion.^[12]

Ballots may be tickets rather than forms, as in Israel.
Perspective view of a 2000 Palm Beach County, Florida "butterfly ballot"
Top view of the same 2000 Florida "butterfly ballot"
Russian ballot to the 2011 State Duma elections with list of political parties

Methods

In a jurisdiction using a paper system, voters choose by marking a ballot or, as in the case of Israel and France, picking one premarked ballot from among many. In most jurisdictions the ballots are preprinted with names of candidates and the text of the referendums. The Philippines (until 2007) and Japan are an exception. There, voters must write the names of their candidates on the ballot.^[13] Election officials manually count the ballots after the polls close and may be recounted in the event of a dispute.
In a jurisdiction using an optical scan voting system, voters choose by filling an oval, by completing an arrow, or (as in South Korea) by stamping a box, on the printed ballot next to their chosen option. Voters with disabilities may be provided with electronic ballot marking devices. Optical scan technology has also been used by many standardized tests. Alternatively, voters could pick from one pre-marked ballot among many (similarly to the paper ballot systems in Israel and France), which would then be scanned by an optical scanner. Tabulating machines count the ballots either after the polls close or as the voters feed the ballots into the machine, in which case the results are not known until after the polls close. Officials often will manually count any ballots that cannot be read or with a write-in candidate and may recount the ballots in the event of a dispute.
In a jurisdiction using a punched card system, voters choose by removing or "punching out" a perforated chad from the ballot next each choice, sometimes with tools as simple as a pin, but usually with a ballot marking device such as the Votomatic. The ballot may be preprinted with candidates and referendums, or may be a generic ballot placed under a printed list of candidates and referendums. Tabulating machines count ballots after the polls close. Officials may manually count the ballots in the event of a dispute. Punched card voting systems are being replaced by other voting systems because of a high rate of inaccuracy related to the incomplete removal of the perforated chad and the inaccessibility to voters with disabilities.
In a jurisdiction using a mechanical voting system, often called a "voting machine", voters choose by pulling a lever next to their choice. There is a printed list of candidates, parties and referendums next to the levers indicating which lever is assigned to which choice. When the voter pulls a lever, it turns a connected gear in the machine, which turns a counter wheel. Each counter wheel shows a number, which is the number of votes cast using that lever. After the polls close, election officials check the wheels' positions and record the totals. No physical ballot is used in this system, except when the voter chooses to write-in a candidate. Other systems are replacing mechanical voting systems because they are inaccessible to disabled voters, do not have a physical ballot and are getting old.
In a jurisdiction using an electronic direct record voting system (DRE), voters choose by pushing a button next to a printed list of candidates and referendums, or by touching the candidate or referendums box on a touchscreen interface, or (as in Brazil) by inputting alphanumeric codes that correspond to candidates or positions. As the voter makes a selection, the DRE creates an electronic ballot stored by in the memory components of the system. After the polls close, the system counts the votes and reports the totals to the election officials. Many DREs include a communication device to transmit vote totals to a central tabulator. The touchscreen systems remind people of an automated teller machine (ATM) and often are described as such.

References

^ "Ballot". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
^ "Ballot | Origin and meaning of ballot by Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ "Ballot". Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-11-07.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Ballot". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2015-06-03. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
^ "Panchayat Raj, Policy notes 2011-2012" (PDF). Rural development & panchayat raj department, TN Government, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^ "Heritage in a park". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010.
^ "Handbook on Kongu archaeological treasures". The Hindu. Coimbatore, India. 27 June 2005. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013.
^ Jones, Douglas W. Archived 2011-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. A Brief Illustrated History of Voting Archived 2011-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. University of Iowa Archived 2011-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Department of Computer Science Archived 2011-09-21 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Associated Press (2003-07-14). "State: Ballot display revives chads, chaos of bungled election". Saint Petersburg Times Online Tampa Bay. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
^ "Statement of Commissioner Victoria Wilson". Voting Irregularities in Florida During the 2000 Presidential Election, www.usccr.gov. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
^ Dershowitz, Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000, pp. 22–28. ISBN 9780195148275
^ Cheng, Alicia (2020). This is What Democracy Looked Like. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 7. ISBN 9781616898878.
^ "Understanding the Japanese Election System". www.ny.us.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-06-06.