Androcalva fraseri

Brush kurrajong
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Genus:	Androcalva
Species:	A. fraseri
Binomial name
Androcalva fraseri (J.Gay) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock[1]
Synonyms[1]
Commerconia fraseri F.Muell. orth. var. Commersonia fraseri J.Gay Commersonia fraseri J.Gay var. fraseri Commersonia fraseri var. macrophylla J.Gay Commersonia fraseri var. microphylla J.Gay Restiaria fraseri (Gay) Kuntze

Foliage, near the Telegherry River

Androcalva fraseri, commonly known as blackfellow's hemp or brush kurrajong,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a small tree or shrub that forms suckers and has egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves with serrated edges, and clusters of 13 to 21 white flowers.

Description

Androcalva fraseri is a small tree or shrub that typically grows to 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft) high and 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) wide, forms suckers and has a trunk up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, egg-shaped to broadly triangular, or broadly lance-shaped to heart-shaped, 6–160 mm (0.2–6.3 in) long and 50–80 mm (2.0–3.1 in) wide on a petiole up to 15 mm (0.6 in) long with stipules 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long at the base but that fall off as the leaves mature. The edges of the leaves are irregularly toothed, the upper surface is dull green and sparsely hairy, the lower surface covered with fine, silvery, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are white, arranged in clusters of 13 to 21 on a peduncle 30–110 mm (1.2–4.3 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 3–8 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long, with bracts 2–12 mm (0.08–0.5 in) long at the base. The flowers are 6–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide with 5 white, petal-like sepals and 5 petals, the ligule slightly longer than the sepals. There are 3 staminodes between each pair of stamens, the central one spatula-shaped and the other two linear. Flowering occurs from August to April, with a peak from September to November, and the fruit is a bristly capsule 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) in diameter.[3][4][5][6]

Taxonomy

The French naturalist Jaques Étienne Gay was the first to formally describe the species in 1823. He gave it the name Commersonia fraseri and published the description in the journal, Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle from specimens collected by Charles Fraser.[7][8]

A 2011 molecular analysis of segments of chloroplast DNA found that the genera Commersonia and Rulingia formed a monophyletic group but that the member species were intermingled, and split out into two hitherto unrecognised clades.[9] In 2011, Carolyn Wilkins and Barbara Whitlock transferred the species to Androcalva as A. fraseri.[10][11]

The specific epithet honours Charles Fraser, the collector of the type specimens and an early New South Wales colonial botanist.[12]

Distribution and habitat

Androcalva fraseri is found in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest along and east of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales[5] and southeastern Queensland.[12] In the latter habitat, it is associated with trees, such as rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), and Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna). A fast-growing plant, it is able to colonise disturbed ground,[6] particularly areas where vegetation has been partly cleared such as under power lines.[4]

Ecology

This species is an adult host plant for the chrysomelid beetle Podagra submetallica.[13]

Use in horticulture

Androcalva fraseri has been propagated readily from cuttings taken in winter, and grows better with extra moisture in cultivation.[12]

References

1. "Androcalva fraseri". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
2. "Species profile—Commersonia fraseri". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
3. Blake, Trevor L. (2021). Lantern bushes of Australia ; Thomasias & allied genera : a field and horticultural guide. Victoria: Australian Plants Society, Keilor Plains Group. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9780646839301.
4. Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.
5. Harden, Gwen J.; Orme, Andrew E. "Androcalva frseri". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
6. Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2001). "Ecology of Sydney plant species Part 8: Dicotyledon families Rutaceae to Zygophyllaceae". Cunninghamia. 7 (2): 388. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
7. "Commersonia fraseri". APNI. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
8. Gay, Jaques E. (1823). "Fragment d'une monographie des vraies Buttneriacées". Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 10: 215–216. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
9. Whitlock, Barbara A.; Hale, Amanda M.; Indorf, Jane L.; Wilkins, Carolyn F. (2011). "Polyphyly of Rulingia and Commersonia (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae s.l.)". Australian Systematic Botany. 24 (5): 215–25. doi:10.1071/SB09030.
10. "Androcalva fraseri". APNI. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
11. Wilkins, Carolyn F.; Whitlock, Barbara A. (2011). "A new Australian genus, Androcalva, separated from Commersonia (Malvaceae s.l. or Byttneriaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 24 (5): 284–349. doi:10.1071/SB10032.
12. Lodder, Mark (16 December 2003). "Growing Native Plants: Commersonia fraseri". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
13. Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2005). "Three new host plants for the Australian leaf beetle Podagrica submetallica (Blackburn, 1894) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)" (PDF). Calodema. 4: 19–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-12-08.