Ammandra

Ammandra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Ceroxyloideae
Tribe:	Phytelepheae
Genus:	Ammandra; O.F.Cook
Species:	A. decasperma
Binomial name
	Ammandra decasperma; O.F.Cook
Synonyms
	Phytelephas decasperma (O.F.Cook) Dahlgren; Phytelephas dasyneura Burret; Ammandra dasyneura (Burret) Barfod;

Ammandra is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the palm family found in Colombia and Ecuador,^[2] where it is endangered. The sole species is Ammandra decasperma, although another species name has been proposed. It is a pinnate-leaved, dioecious palm whose seeds and petioles are used in button and basket making, respectively. It is commonly called ivory palm or cabecita.

Description

Ammandra decasperma grows in multi-headed clusters, the trunks usually remaining underground or prostrate upon it. Despite the negligible trunk size, the leaves reach over 6 m long, slightly arching, on 2 m petioles. The linear leaflets are dark green, 60–90 cm long, and emerge from the rachis in the same plane. In male plants, the inflorescence is a long spike covered in short branches of white to yellow flowers, the female's being much shorter and more compact. The round fruit grows in clusters of 3-6 and is covered in pointed warts, each fruit containing six or more kidney shaped seeds.^[3]

Taxonomy

The type species described by Cook was Ammandra decasperma; a similar population was found being geographically separated and with minor flower differences and was designated A. dasyneura (Burret). In 2001, Bernal et al. published the discovery of an Ammandra population located between the other two with floral characteristics represented in both groups. They, and other taxonomists since, concluded that the three populations were of a single species (see distribution map).^[4]

Separately, the only species in the closely related genus ''Aphandra, Aphandra natalia, was initially described as Ammandra natalia but was later given its own genus.

The genus name translates from Greek to "sand man", because "The stamens are minute and have the appearance of small grains of sand scattered over the surface of the receptacles",^[5] and the species epithet derives from two Latin words meaning "ten" and "seed", describing the maximum number of seeds per fruit.

Distribution and habitat

These palms grow in the foothills of the Andes mountains, along Colombia's west coast as well as inland Ecuador up to 450 m in elevation. In either case, they are an understory plant usually receiving only filtered light and nearly year-round rainfall.

Cultivation and uses

Ammandra is not common in cultivation outside its natural range but when grown, it requires wet and warm conditions resembling the rain forest and will not tolerate full sun when young. It also prefers free-draining, highly organic soil. In Colombia, their large, strong petioles are commonly woven into baskets and other thatched goods, while the large white seeds, commonly called "vegetable ivory", are carved into buttons and trinkets.^[4]

References

^ O.F. Cook, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17:220. 1927. Type:A. decasperma
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. ISBN 0-935868-30-5 / ISBN 978-0-935868-30-2
^ ^a ^b Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-558-6 / ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6 (Page 250)
^ Cook, O.F. (1927) New Genera and Species of Ivory Palms from Colombia Ecuador and Peru. in Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. vol 27. p. 218