2016 United States elections

2016 United States elections
← 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 → ; Presidential election year
Election day	November 8, 2016
Incumbent president	Barack Obama (Democratic)
Next Congress	115th
Presidential election
Partisan control	Republican gain
Popular vote margin	Democratic +2.1%
	Electoral vote
Donald Trump (R)	304
Hillary Clinton (D)	227
Others	7
	Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence, blue denotes states won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. Seven faithless electors cast votes for various individuals.
Senate elections
Overall control	Republican hold
Seats contested	34 of 100 seats
Net seat change	Democratic +2
	2016 Senate results; Democratic hold Republican hold ; Democratic gain
House elections
Overall control	Republican hold
Seats contested	All 435 voting-members and 6 non-voting delegates
Popular vote margin	Republican +1.1%
Net seat change	Democratic +6
	Map of the 2016 House races (delegate races not shown) Democratic hold Republican hold ; Democratic gain Republican gain
Gubernatorial elections
Seats contested	14 (12 states, two territories)
Net seat change	Republican +2
	Map of the 2016 gubernatorial elections; Democratic hold Republican hold ; Democratic gain Republican gain; New Progressive gain Nonpartisan

The 2016 United States elections were held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. Republican nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in the presidential election, while Republicans retained control of Congress. This marked the first and most recent time Republicans won or held unified control of the presidency and Congress since 2004.

Trump won his party's nomination after defeating Ted Cruz and several other candidates in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. With Democratic president Barack Obama term-limited, Clinton secured the nomination over Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Trump won the general election with 304 of the 538 electoral votes, although Clinton won the popular vote by a margin of 2.1%.

Democrats won a net gain of two seats in the Senate and six seats in the House of Representatives, but Republicans retained control of both chambers. In the gubernatorial elections, Republicans won a net gain of two seats. Various other state, territorial, and local races and referendums were held throughout the year. This was the first presidential election since 2000, where the winning candidate failed to have coattails in either house of Congress. This is the most recent election where one party simultaneously gained seats in both houses of Congress.

Wall Street banks and other big financial institutions spent a record $2 billion trying to influence the 2016 United States elections.^[1]^[2]

Issues

Trump's right-wing populist nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, illegal immigration, and many United States free-trade agreements^[3] garnered extensive free media coverage due to Trump's inflammatory comments.^[4]^[5] Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience, denounced Trump and many of his supporters as a "basket of deplorables", bigots and extremists, and advocated the expansion of President Obama's policies; racial, LGBT, and women's rights; and inclusive capitalism.^[6]

Russian interference

The United States government's intelligence agencies concluded the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections.^[7]^[8] A joint US intelligence review stated with high confidence that, "Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. In May 2019, Republican Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced Russians hacked voting databases in two Florida counties prior to the 2016 presidential election and no election results were compromised.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Candidate campaigns and exit poll results

The election saw an aggressive set of campaigns from both Trump and Clinton leading up to the election, Clinton's being of particular interest when considering the exit polls and voter demographics.^[12] With her gender presenting as the biggest target for Trump's campaign as a point of criticism, the Clinton campaign made a conscious decision to capitalize on the negativity surrounding her gender to appeal to female voters (young women in particular) by co-opting feminist ideals alongside traditional democratic ones. The party's social media campaign was particularly aggressive, with the use of hashtags and celebrity endorsement being crucial to Clinton's appeal to the wider public.^[13] This backfired however, when exit polls showed that, while Clinton was popular with the female vote, it was Trump who had won the favour of a majority white female demographic,^[14] with some citing political 'wokeness' as a voter turn-off.^[15]

Federal elections

Presidential election

The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial presidential election. The electoral vote distribution was determined by the 2010 census from which presidential electors electing the president and vice president were chosen; a simple majority (270) of the 538 electoral votes were required to win. In one of the greatest election upsets in U.S. History, businessman and reality television personality Donald Trump of New York won the Republican Party's presidential nomination on July 19, 2016, after defeating Texas Senator Ted Cruz, Ohio Governor John Kasich, Florida Senator Marco Rubio, and several other candidates in the Republican primary elections.^[1] Former Secretary of State, First Lady and New York Senator Hillary Clinton won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on July 26, 2016, after a tough battle with Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary elections. This was the first election with a female presidential nominee from a major political party, as well as the first election since 1944 that had major party presidential nominees from the same home state.

Clinton won the popular vote, taking 48% of the vote compared to Trump's 46% of the vote, but Trump won the electoral vote and thus the presidency. The election is one of five presidential elections in American history that the winner of the popular vote did not win the presidency. Libertarian Gary Johnson won 3.3% of the popular vote, the strongest performance by a third party presidential nominee since the 1996 election. Trump flipped the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Florida, Ohio, and Iowa, that were won by Obama in 2008 and 2012. The former two last voted Republican in 1988 and Wisconsin last did so in 1984.

Congressional elections

Senate elections

All seats in Senate Class 3 were up for election. Democrats won a net gain of two seats, but Republicans retained a majority with 52 seats in the 100-member chamber.^[16]

House of Representatives elections

All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives were up for election. Additionally, elections were held to select the delegates for the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories, including the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.

Democrats won a net gain of six seats, but Republicans held a 241-to-194 majority following the elections. Nationwide, Republicans won the popular vote for the House of Representatives by a margin of 1.1 percent.^[17]

State elections

Gubernatorial elections

Regular elections were held for the governorships of 11 U.S. states and two U.S. territories. Additionally, a special election was held in Oregon after the resignation of John Kitzhaber as governor. Republicans won a net gain of two seats by winning open seats in Missouri, Vermont, and New Hampshire while Democrats defeated an incumbent in North Carolina. However, Governor Jim Justice of West Virginia switched his party affiliation to Republican shortly after his inauguration, thereby netting Republicans 3 seats and giving them 34 seats nationwide, tying their record set in the 1921 elections.

Legislative elections

In 2016, 44 states held state legislative elections; 86 of the 99 chambers were up for election. Only six states did not hold state legislative elections: Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Virginia, Alabama, and Maryland.^[18]

Democrats won both chambers in the Nevada Legislature and the New Mexico House of Representatives, while Republicans won the Kentucky House of Representatives, the Iowa Senate, and the Minnesota Senate. The Alaska House of Representatives flipped from Republican control to a Democrat-led coalition majority, and the Connecticut State Senate went from Democratic control to tied control.^[19] Meanwhile, the New York Senate went from Republican to a Republican-led coalition.

Other elections and ballot measures

Many states also held elections for other elected offices, such as attorney general. Many states held ballot measures.^[20]

Local elections

Mayoral elections

Mayoral elections were held in many cities, including:

Bakersfield, California: Incumbent Harvey Hall did not seek re-election.^[21] Karen Goh was elected to succeed Hall. The office is not partisan.
Baltimore, Maryland: Incumbent Democrat Stephanie Rawlings-Blake did not seek re-election.^[22] Democrat Catherine E. Pugh was elected as Rawlings-Blake's replacement.
Gilbert, Arizona: Incumbent John Lewis resigned prior to the election.^[23] Interim mayor Jenn Daniels was elected to succeed Lewis. The office is not partisan.
Honolulu, Hawaii: Incumbent Democrat Kirk Caldwell won re-election to a second term.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Incumbent Tom Barrett was re-elected to a fourth term. The office is not partisan.
Portland, Oregon: Incumbent Charlie Hales did not seek re-election.^[24] Ted Wheeler was elected to succeed Hales. The office is not partisan.
Richmond, Virginia: Incumbent Dwight C. Jones was term-limited and cannot seek re-election. Levar Stoney was elected as the new Richmond, VA, mayor. The office is not partisan.
Sacramento, California: Incumbent Democrat Kevin Johnson did not seek re-election.^[25] Democrat Darrell Steinberg was elected as Johnson's replacement.^[26]
San Diego, California: Incumbent Kevin Faulconer won a second term as mayor. The office is not partisan.
Tulsa, Oklahoma: Incumbent Republican Dewey F. Bartlett Jr. was defeated by city councilor and fellow Republican G. T. Bynum.^[27]

Other local elections

The citizens of the City of Virginia Beach voted against expanding Norfolk's Tide lightrail into their city.^[28]

Table of state, territorial, and federal results

This table shows the partisan results of congressional, gubernatorial, presidential, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2016. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2016; additionally, the territories do not have electoral votes in American presidential elections, and neither Washington, D.C. nor the territories elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C., and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. In the table, offices/legislatures that are not up for election in 2016 are already filled in for the "after 2016 elections" section, although vacancies or party switching could potentially lead to a flip in partisan control.

Subdivision and PVI^[29]		Before 2016 elections^[30]				After 2016 elections^[31]
Subdivision	PVI	Governor	State leg.	US Senate	US House	Pres.	Governor	State leg.	US Senate	US House
Alabama	R+14	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 6–1	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 6–1
Alaska	R+12	Ind	Rep	Rep	Rep 1–0	Rep	Ind	Split	Rep	Rep 1–0
Arizona	R+7	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–4	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–4
Arkansas	R+14	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0
California	D+9	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 39–14	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 39–14
Colorado	D+1	Dem	Split	Split	Rep 4–3	Dem	Dem	Split	Split	Rep 4–3
Connecticut	D+7	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 5–0	Dem	Dem	Split	Dem	Dem 5–0
Delaware	D+8	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 1–0	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 1–0
Florida	R+2	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 17–10	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 16–11
Georgia	R+6	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 10–4	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 10–4
Hawaii	D+20	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 2–0	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 2–0
Idaho	R+18	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 2–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 2–0
Illinois	D+8	Rep	Dem	Split	Dem 10–8	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 11–7
Indiana	R+5	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 7–2	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 7–2
Iowa	D+1	Rep	Split	Rep	Rep 3–1	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 3–1
Kansas	R+12	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0
Kentucky	R+13	Rep	Split	Rep	Rep 5–1	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–1
Louisiana	R+12	Dem	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–1	Rep	Dem	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–1
Maine	D+5	Rep	Split	Split R/I^[a]	Split 1–1	Dem	Rep	Split	Split R/I^[a]	Split 1–1
Maryland	D+10	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 7–1	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 7–1
Massachusetts	D+10	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 9–0	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 9–0
Michigan	D+4	Rep	Rep	Dem	Rep 9–5	Rep	Rep	Rep	Dem	Rep 9–5
Minnesota	D+2	Dem	Split	Dem	Dem 5–3	Dem	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem 5–3
Mississippi	R+9	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 3–1	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 3–1
Missouri	R+5	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 6–2	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 6–2
Montana	R+7	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 1–0	Rep	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 1–0
Nebraska	R+12	Rep	NP	Rep	Rep 2–1	Rep	Rep	NP	Rep	Rep 3–0
Nevada	D+2	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 3–1	Dem	Rep	Dem	Split	Dem 3–1
New Hampshire	D+1	Dem	Rep	Split	Split 1–1	Dem	Rep	Rep	Dem	Dem 2–0
New Jersey	D+6	Rep	Dem	Dem	Split 6–6	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 7–5
New Mexico	D+4	Rep	Split	Dem	Dem 2–1	Dem	Rep	Dem	Dem	Dem 2–1
New York	D+11	Dem	Split^[b]	Dem	Dem 18–9	Dem	Dem	Split	Dem	Dem 18–9
North Carolina	R+3	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 10–3	Rep	Dem	Rep	Rep	Rep 10–3
North Dakota	R+10	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 1–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 1–0
Ohio	R+1	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 12–4	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 12–4
Oklahoma	R+19	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 5–0
Oregon	D+5	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 4–1	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 4–1
Pennsylvania	D+1	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 13–5	Rep	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 13–5
Rhode Island	D+11	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 2–0	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem	Dem 2–0
South Carolina	R+8	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 6–1	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 6–1
South Dakota	R+10	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 1–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 1–0
Tennessee	R+12	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 7–2	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 7–2
Texas	R+10	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 25–11	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 25–11
Utah	R+22	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 4–0
Vermont	D+16	Dem	Dem	Split D/I^[c]	Dem 1–0	Dem	Rep	Dem	Split D/I^[c]	Dem 1–0
Virginia	Even	Dem	Rep	Dem	Rep 8–3	Dem	Dem	Rep	Dem	Rep 7–4
Washington	D+5	Dem	Split^[b]	Dem	Dem 6–4	Dem	Dem	Split	Dem	Dem 6–4
West Virginia	R+13	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 3–0	Rep	Dem	Rep	Split	Rep 3–0
Wisconsin	D+2	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 5–3	Rep	Rep	Rep	Split	Rep 5–3
Wyoming	R+22	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 1–0	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep	Rep 1–0
United States	Even	Rep 31–18	Rep 30–11	Rep 54–46^[d]	Rep 247–188	Rep	Rep 33–16	Rep 32–13	Rep 52–48^[d]	Rep 241–194

Washington, D.C.	D+40	Dem^[e]	Dem	—	Dem	Dem	Dem^[e]	Dem	—	Dem
American Samoa	—	NP/I^[f]	NP		Rep	—	NP/D^[g]	NP		Rep
Guam		Rep	Dem		Dem	Dem^[h]	Rep	Dem		Dem
N. Mariana Islands		Rep	Split		Ind^[i]	—	Rep	Rep		Ind^[i]
Puerto Rico		PDP/D^[j]	PDP		PNP/D^[k]		PNP/D^[l]	PNP		PNP/R^[m]
U.S. Virgin Islands		Ind	Dem		Dem		Ind	Dem		Dem
Subdivision	PVI	Governor	State leg.	US Senate	US House	Pres.	Governor	State leg.	US Senate	US House
Subdivision and PVI		Before 2016 elections				After 2016 elections

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b One of Maine's senators is a Republican, the other (Angus King) is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.
^ ^a ^b In New York and Washington, Democrats control the House and a coalition of Republicans and Democrats control the Senate.
^ ^a ^b One of Vermont's senators is a Democrat, the other (Bernie Sanders) was elected as an independent but has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.
^ ^a ^b Including two Independents who caucus with the Democrats.
^ ^a ^b Washington, D.C. does not elect a governor, but it does elect a mayor.
^ Although elections for governor of American Samoa are non-partisan, Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga was an Independent when first elected governor in 2014.
^ With the 2016 election, Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga affiliated himself with the Democratic Party at the national level.
^ Although Guam does not have a vote in the Electoral College, the territory has held a presidential advisory vote for every presidential election since 1980.
^ ^a ^b Delegate Gregorio Sablan was elected as an independent, but he has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2009.
^ Governor Alejandro García Padilla is a member of the Popular Democratic Party, but also affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.
^ Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi is a member of the New Progressive Party, but he has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2009.
^ Governor Ricardo Rosselló is a member of the New Progressive Party, but also affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.
^ Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González is member of the New Progressive Party, but she has caucused with the Republicans since taking office in 2017.

References

^ "Wall Street spends record $2bn on US election lobbying". Financial Times. March 8, 2017.
^ "Wall Street Spent $2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election". Fortune. March 8, 2017.
^ Becker, Bernie (February 13, 2016). "Trump's six populist positions". Politico. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish, "Measuring Donald Trump's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media", The New York Times (March 16, 2016).
^ Walsh, Kenneth. "How Donald Trump's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
^ Chozick, Amy (March 4, 2016). "Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Miller, Greg; Entous, Adam. "Declassified report says Putin 'ordered' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump". The Washington Post.
^ Eichenwald, Kurt (January 10, 2017). "Trump, Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election". Newsweek.
^ "Gov. DeSantis: Russians hacked voting databases in two Florida counties; The GOP governor said the incidents took place in 2016 and no election results were compromised". NBC News. Associated Press. May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ Farrington, Brendan (May 14, 2019). "DeSantis: Russians accessed 2 Florida voting databases". AP News. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
^ Parks, Miles (May 14, 2019). "Florida Governor Says Russian Hackers Breached 2 Counties In 2016". NPR. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
^ Jones, Bradley (August 9, 2018). "An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ Caughell, Leslie (October 2016). "When Playing the Woman Card is Playing Trump: Assessing the Efficacy of Framing Campaigns as Historic". PS: Political Science & Politics. 49 (4): 736–742. doi:10.1017/S1049096516001438. ISSN 1049-0965. S2CID 158022463.
^ "How Groups Voted in 2016 | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research". ropercenter.cornell.edu. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ Yglesias, Matthew. "How Hillary Clinton unleashed the Great Awokening". www.slowboring.com. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 2016". U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". United States House of Representatives. 2016. p. 84.
^ Warnock, Kae (March 11, 2016). "2016 Legislative Races by State and Legislative Chamber". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ "State legislative elections, 2016".
^ "2016 Presidential Election". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ Mayer, Steven. "Karen Goh installed as mayor of Bakersfield". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ "Baltimore Mayor Rawlings-Blake says she won't seek re-election". Fox News. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ Gossie, Michael (July 15, 2017). "Most Influential Women: Jenn Daniels, Town of Gilbert". AZ Big Media. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Theen, Andrew (October 26, 2015). "Portland Mayor Charlie Hales withdraws re-election bid". OregonLive. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
^ "Mayor Kevin Johnson won't seek re-election". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
^ "Steinberg wins Sacramento mayor's race by wide margin". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
^ "GT Bynum Defeats Incumbent Bartlett For Tulsa Mayor". NewsOn6.com. June 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Online, Pilot (November 9, 2016). "Virginia Beach light rail referendum vote fails in a landslide". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
^ "Partisan Voter Index by State, 1994–2014" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2016. PVI in 2014
^ "2016 State and Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ "State & Legislative Partisan Composition (2016 Election)" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

External links

"State Elections Legislation Database", Ncsl.org, Washington, D.C.: National Conference of State Legislatures, State legislation related to the administration of elections introduced in 2011 through...2020

[mesen-32] One of Maine's senators is a Republican, the other (Angus King) is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.

[nywa-33] In New York and Washington, Democrats control the House and a coalition of Republicans and Democrats control the Senate.

[vt-34] One of Vermont's senators is a Democrat, the other (Bernie Sanders) was elected as an independent but has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.

[ind-35] Including two Independents who caucus with the Democrats.

[dc-36] Washington, D.C. does not elect a governor, but it does elect a mayor.

[AS-governor1-37] Although elections for governor of American Samoa are non-partisan, Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga was an Independent when first elected governor in 2014.

[AS-governor2-38] With the 2016 election, Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga affiliated himself with the Democratic Party at the national level.

[GuamPres-39] Although Guam does not have a vote in the Electoral College, the territory has held a presidential advisory vote for every presidential election since 1980.

[CNMI-delegate-40] Delegate Gregorio Sablan was elected as an independent, but he has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2009.

[PR-governor-41] Governor Alejandro García Padilla is a member of the Popular Democratic Party, but also affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.

[PR-rescommish-42] Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi is a member of the New Progressive Party, but he has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2009.

[PR-governor2-43] Governor Ricardo Rosselló is a member of the New Progressive Party, but also affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.

[PR-rescommish2-44] Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González is member of the New Progressive Party, but she has caucused with the Republicans since taking office in 2017.

[1] "Wall Street spends record $2bn on US election lobbying". Financial Times. March 8, 2017.

[2] "Wall Street Spent $2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election". Fortune. March 8, 2017.

[3] Becker, Bernie (February 13, 2016). "Trump's six populist positions". Politico. Retrieved March 8, 2018.

[4] Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish, "Measuring Donald Trump's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media", The New York Times (March 16, 2016).

[5] Walsh, Kenneth. "How Donald Trump's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.

[6] Chozick, Amy (March 4, 2016). "Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.

[7] Miller, Greg; Entous, Adam. "Declassified report says Putin 'ordered' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump". The Washington Post.

[8] Eichenwald, Kurt (January 10, 2017). "Trump, Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election". Newsweek.

[9] "Gov. DeSantis: Russians hacked voting databases in two Florida counties; The GOP governor said the incidents took place in 2016 and no election results were compromised". NBC News. Associated Press. May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.

[10] Farrington, Brendan (May 14, 2019). "DeSantis: Russians accessed 2 Florida voting databases". AP News. Retrieved May 15, 2019.

[11] Parks, Miles (May 14, 2019). "Florida Governor Says Russian Hackers Breached 2 Counties In 2016". NPR. Retrieved May 16, 2019.

[12] Jones, Bradley (August 9, 2018). "An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved January 6, 2023.

[13] Caughell, Leslie (October 2016). "When Playing the Woman Card is Playing Trump: Assessing the Efficacy of Framing Campaigns as Historic". PS: Political Science & Politics. 49 (4): 736–742. doi:10.1017/S1049096516001438. ISSN 1049-0965. S2CID 158022463.

[14] "How Groups Voted in 2016 | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research". ropercenter.cornell.edu. Retrieved January 6, 2023.

[15] Yglesias, Matthew. "How Hillary Clinton unleashed the Great Awokening". www.slowboring.com. Retrieved January 6, 2023.

[16] "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 2016". U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk. Retrieved April 10, 2017.

[17] "Election Statistics, 1920 to Present". United States House of Representatives. 2016. p. 84.

[ncsl-18] Warnock, Kae (March 11, 2016). "2016 Legislative Races by State and Legislative Chamber". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved May 17, 2016.

[19] "State legislative elections, 2016".

[election-20] "2016 Presidential Election". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved April 10, 2017.

[21] Mayer, Steven. "Karen Goh installed as mayor of Bakersfield". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved January 17, 2017.

[22] "Baltimore Mayor Rawlings-Blake says she won't seek re-election". Fox News. Retrieved September 14, 2015.

[23] Gossie, Michael (July 15, 2017). "Most Influential Women: Jenn Daniels, Town of Gilbert". AZ Big Media. Retrieved January 17, 2018.

[charliehales-24] Theen, Andrew (October 26, 2015). "Portland Mayor Charlie Hales withdraws re-election bid". OregonLive. Retrieved December 27, 2015.

[25] "Mayor Kevin Johnson won't seek re-election". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved April 18, 2017.

[26] "Steinberg wins Sacramento mayor's race by wide margin". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved April 18, 2017.

[27] "GT Bynum Defeats Incumbent Bartlett For Tulsa Mayor". NewsOn6.com. June 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2018.

[28] Online, Pilot (November 9, 2016). "Virginia Beach light rail referendum vote fails in a landslide". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved September 13, 2024.

[cookpvi2014-29] "Partisan Voter Index by State, 1994–2014" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2016. PVI in 2014

[ncsl2-30] "2016 State and Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved May 17, 2016.

[ncsl3-31] "State & Legislative Partisan Composition (2016 Election)" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

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