Sarai, dekat Laut Kaspia, adalah ibu kota Gerombolan Emas.
Pangeran Roman Olgovich dari Ryazan datang ke Khan Mengu-Timur di Sarai pada tahun 1270; ilustrasi kronik Rusia di kemudian hari.
Sarai (Bahasa Chagatai/Kipchak dan Persia: سرای; juga ditranskripsikan sebagai Saraj atau Saray; "rumah besar" atau "istana")[1] adalah nama dari kemungkinan dua kota di dekat Volga bagian bawah, yang secara berturut-turut menjadi ibu kota efektif dari Konfederasi Cuman-Kipchak dan Gerombolan Emas, sebuah Turko-Mongol.[2] kerajaan yang menguasai sebagian besar Asia Barat Laut dan Eropa Timur, dari abad ke-10 hingga abad ke-14. Ada banyak ketidaksepakatan di antara para ahli tentang korespondensi antara situs-situs arkeologi tertentu.[3]
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Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A. D. 1325-1354. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1962.
Goldschmidt, E. P., "The Lesina Portolan Chart of the Caspian Sea," The Geographical Journal 103 (1944) 272-278.
Gončarov, E. J., "Staryj i Novyj Saraj - stolica Zolotoj Ordy (novyj vzgljadna izvestnye istočniki", Stepi Evropy v èpoh u srednevekov'ja 1 (2000) 345–350.
Grigor'ev, V. V., "O mestopoloženie Saraja, stolocy Zolotoj-Ordy", in: Rossija i Azija, St. Petersburg, 1876.
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Pačkalov, A. V., "Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde," in: N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress, Glasgow, 2011. Vol. 2. Glasgow, 2011.
Pačkalov, A. V., "O mestopoloženija Saraja (pervoj stolicy Zolotoj Ordy)," Arheologija ta ètnologija shidnoi Uvropi, Odesa, 2002: 175–178.
Petrov, P. N., K. V. Kravcov, S. V. Gumajunov, "Monety Saraja pervoj poloviny 660-h gg.h./ 1260-h gg.," Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie 6 (2018) 145-158.
Pigarëv, E. M., "Administrativno-territorial'naja struktura oblasti Saraj (del'ta r. Volga)," in: S. G. Bočarov and A. G. Sitdikov (eds.), Genuèzskaja Gazarija i Zolotaja Orda, 2, Kazan', 2019: 483-508.
Pigarëv, E. M., "Del'ta Volgi v XIII-XIV vv.," Trudy V (XXI) Vserossijskogo arheologičeskogo s"ezda v Barnaule 3, Barnaul, 2017: 287–291.
Pigarëv, E. M., "Russkie vešči iz zolotoordynskoj stolicy - goroda Saraj al-Džedid (k voprosu o rasselenii russkih v zolotoordynskih nižnevolžskih gorodah," Narody i religii Evrazii 26 (2021) 49–66.
Pohlëbkin, V. V., Tatary i Rus': 360 let otnošenij 1238-1598, Moscow, 2000.
Rockhill, W. W. (trans.), The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-1255, as narrated by himself, London, 1900.
Rogers, J. M., "Recent Archaeological Work on the Golden Horde," Bulletin of the Asia Institute 14 (2000) 135–146.
Rudakov, V. G., "K voprosu o dvuh stolicah v Zolotoj Orde i mestopoloženii goroda Gjulistana," in: I. V. Belocerkovskaja (ed.), Naučnoe nasledie A. P. Smirnova i sovremennye problemy arheologii Volgo-Kam'ja, Moscow, 2000: 305–323.
Safargaliev, M. G., Raspad Zolotoj Ordy. Saransk, 1960.
Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
Sanders, J. J. (trans.), Ahmed Ibn Arabshah, Tamerlane or Timur the Great Amir, London, 1936.
Shamiloglu, U., "The rise of urban centers in the Golden Horde and the city of Ükek," Golden Horde Review 6 (2018) 18-40.
Siksimov, D. A., "Problema lokalizacii Saraja XIII veka v sovremennoj istoriografii," Vestnik Volgu 4:12 (2007) 117–126.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
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