Sekretaris Presiden Amerika Serikat

Abraham Lincoln dan para sekretarisnya, John G. Nicolay dan John Hay difoto oleh Alexander Gardner pada tanggal 8 November 1863 di Washington, D.C.

Sekretaris Presiden merupakan jabatan lama dalam pemerintahan Amerika Serikat, yang dikenal dengan banyak gelar berbeda sepanjang sejarahnya.

Pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, ini adalah jabatan Gedung Putih yang melaksanakan semua tugas yang sekarang tersebar di seluruh Kantor Gedung Putih. Sekretaris akan bertindak sebagai penyangga antara presiden dan masyarakat, mengurusi jadwal dan janji temu presiden, mengurus korespondensi presiden, mengelola staf, berkomunikasi dengan pers serta menjadi pembantu dekat dan penasihat presiden dengan cara yang sering kali memerlukan keterampilan dan kebijaksanaan besar. Dalam hal pangkat, jabatan ini merupakan pendahulu bagi Kepala Staf Gedung Putih yang modern hingga pembentukan jabatan tersebut pada tahun 1946.

Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, jabatan tersebut dikenal sebagai "sekretaris janji temu", orang yang menjaga waktu presiden. Ia memiliki tanggung jawab untuk bertindak sebagai 'penjaga gerbang' dan memutuskan siapa yang bisa bertemu dengan presiden.

Jabatan sekretaris presiden yang modern diisi oleh seorang asisten administratif atau asisten pribadi di departemen Operasi Kantor Oval Kantor Gedung Putih yang memiliki meja kerja langsung di luar Kantor Oval.

Daftar sekretaris presiden

Sekretaris Pribadi

Tahun	Gambar	Sekretaris	Presiden
1789–1793 1794–1797		Tobias Lear[a]	George Washington
1789–1791		May. William Jackson[b]
1797–1801		William Smith Shaw	John Adams
1801–1803		Kapt. Meriwether Lewis	Thomas Jefferson
1803–1804		Lewis Harvie
1804–1805		William A. Burwell
1805–1809		Isaac Coles
1810–1815		Edward Coles	James Madison
1816–1817		James Payne Todd
1817–1820		Joseph Jones Monroe	James Monroe
1820–1825		Samuel L. Gouverneur
1825–1829		John Adams II	John Quincy Adams
1829–1831		Andrew Jackson Donelson	Andrew Jackson
1831		Nicholas Trist
1831–1837		Andrew Jackson Donelson
1837–1841		Abraham Van Buren II	Martin Van Buren
1841		Henry Huntington Harrison	William Henry Harrison
1841–1845		John Tyler Jr.	John Tyler
1845–1849		Joseph Knox Walker[c]	James K. Polk
1849–1850		Kapt. William Wallace Smith Bliss	Zachary Taylor
1850–1853		Millard Powers Fillmore	Millard Fillmore
1853–1857		Sidney Webster	Franklin Pierce

1. Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
   Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik.
2. As aide-de-camp.
3. His wife Sarah Childress Polk, it is said, too was his personal secretary.

Sekretaris Pribadi Gedung Putih

Tahun	Gambar	Sekretaris	Presiden
1857–1859		James Buchanan Henry	James Buchanan
1859–1861		James Buchanan II
1861–1865		John G. Nicolay	Abraham Lincoln
1861–1865		May. John Hay[a]
1865		Kol. William A. Browning	Andrew Johnson
1865		Kol. Reuben D. Mussey Jr.[a]
1865–1869		Brig. Jend. Robert Johnson[b]
1867		Edmund Cooper
1866–1869		Kol. William G. Moore[a]
1869–1873		Robert M. Douglas[c]	Ulysses S. Grant
1869–1872		Kol. Horace Porter[a]
1869–1873		Brig. Jend. Frederick Tracy Dent[a]
1869–1876		Kol. Orville E. Babcock[a]
1873–1876		Kol. Levi P. Luckey[c]
1876–1877		Ulysses S. Grant Jr.[c]
1877–1881		Webb C. Hayes	Rutherford B. Hayes
1881		Joseph Stanley Brown	James A. Garfield
			Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885		Fred J. Phillips
1885–1889		Col. Daniel Scott Lamont	Grover Cleveland
1889–1893		May. Elijah W. Halford	Benjamin Harrison
1893–1896		Henry T. Thurber	Grover Cleveland

1. As Military Secretary.
2. "Bob," as he was called, was an alcoholic and was in asylums for treatment during several periods of his father's presidency.[1]
3. Grant was closer to his military secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the Private Secretary.

Sekretaris Presiden

Tahun	Gambar	Sekretaris	Presiden
1897–1900		John Addison Porter	William McKinley
1900–1903		George B. Cortelyou
			Theodore Roosevelt
1903–1909		William Loeb Jr.
1909–1910		Fred W. Carpenter	William Howard Taft
1910–1911		Charles D. Norton
1911–1912		Charles D. Hilles
1912		Carmi Thompson
1913–1921		Joseph Tumulty	Woodrow Wilson
1921–1923		George B. Christian Jr.	Warren G. Harding
1923–1925		C. Bascom Slemp	Calvin Coolidge
1925–1929		Everett Sanders
1929–1933		Walter H. Newton	Herbert Hoover
1933–1936		Kol. Louis McHenry Howe	Franklin D. Roosevelt
1937–1938		James Roosevelt
1941–1943		Kol. Marvin H. McIntyre[a]
1944–1952		William D. Hassett[a]
			Harry S. Truman
1952–1953		Beth Campbell Short[a]

1. As "Correspondence Secretary to the President"

Sekretaris Janji Temu

Tahun	Gambar	Sekretaris	Presiden
1929–1931		George E. Akerson[a]	Herbert Hoover
1931–1933		Ted Joslin[a]
1933–1938		Marvin H. McIntyre[b]	Franklin D. Roosevelt
1938–1945		Edwin "Pa" Watson
1945–1953		Matthew J. Connelly
			Harry S. Truman
1953		Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. On leave	Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1955		Thomas Stephens Acting during Vandenberg's term
1955–1957		Bernard M. Shanley
1957–1958		Bob Gray
1958–1961		Thomas Stephens
1961–1963		Kenneth O'Donnell[c]	John F. Kennedy
1963–1965		Jack Valenti[c]	Lyndon B. Johnson
1965–1968		W. Marvin Watson[c]
1968–1969		James R. Jones[c]
1969–1973		Dwight Chapin	Richard Nixon
1973–1974		Stephen B. Bull[2]
1974–1977		Warren S. Rustand	Gerald Ford
1977–1978		Timothy Kraft	Jimmy Carter
1978–1981		Phil J. Wise

1. As Appointments and Press Secretary.
2. Before 1937 the title was only "Assistant Secretary to Appointments".
3. De facto White House Chief of Staff.

Sekretaris pribadi presiden

Tahun	Gambar	Sekretaris	Presiden
1933–1941		Missy LeHand	Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941–1945		Grace Tully
1945–1953		Rose Conway	Harry S. Truman
1953–1961		Ann C. Whitman	Dwight D. Eisenhower
1961–1963		Evelyn Lincoln	John F. Kennedy
1963–1969		Gerri Whittington	Lyndon B. Johnson
1969–1974		Rose Mary Woods	Richard Nixon
1974–1977		Dorothy E. Downton	Gerald Ford
1977–1981		Susan Clough	Jimmy Carter
1981–1989		Kathleen Osborne	Ronald Reagan
1989–1993		Linda Casey	George H. W. Bush
1993–2001		Betty Currie	Bill Clinton
2001–2005		Ashley Estes Kavanaugh	George W. Bush
2005–2009		Karen E. Keller
2009–2011		Katie Johnson	Barack Obama
2011–2014		Anita Decker Breckenridge
2014–2017		Ferial Govashiri
2017–2019		Madeleine Westerhout	Donald Trump
2019–2021		Molly Michael[3][4]
2021–2022		Ashley Williams[a][5]	Joe Biden
2022–2024		Julia Reed[b][6]
2024–present		Drew Rodriguez[b]

1. As Deputy Director of Oval Office Operations
2. As Confidential Aide to the President

Referensi

1. Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son". Journal of East Tennessee History. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society. 73: 1–22. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 760067571. 
2. "Stephen B. Bull (White House Special Files: Staff Member and Office Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library". www.nixonlibrary.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-13.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
3. "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2019-06-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
4. "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2020-06-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
5. Kumar, Anita (3 February 2021). "In Biden's White House, surprise visits with staff replace late-night tweets". POLITICO (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 5 February 2021. 
6. "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2023-06-30. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2023-06-30. 

Daftar pustaka

• The Cosmopolitan. Universitas Michigan. November 1900 – April 1901. hlm. 487–92. Diakses tanggal May 20, 2009.