Konstitusi Utsmaniyah tahun 1876

Konstitusi Utsmaniyah tahun 1876 (Turki Otoman: قانون اساسى,"hukum dasar"; bahasa Turki: Kanûn-u Esâsî)^[1] adalah konstitusi yang pertama dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah (Kekaisaran Ottoman).^[2] Konstitusi ini ditulis oleh para anggota Utsmani Muda, khususnya Midhat Pasha, selama pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) dan hanya berlaku selama dua tahun, dari tahun 1876 sampai 1878 dalam suatu periode yang dikenal sebagai Era Konstitusional Pertama. Belakangan konstitusi ini diberlakukan kembali setelah Revolusi Turki Muda pada tahun 1908, yang mana mengawali suatu periode yang dikenal sebagai Era Konstitusional Kedua.

Dalam perjalanan studi mereka di Eropa, beberapa anggota elit Utsmaniyah yang baru menyimpulkan bahwa rahasia kesuksesan Eropa bukan hanya terletak pada pencapaian-pencapaian teknis tetapi juga pada organisasi-organisasi politiknya. Terlebih lagi, proses reformasi itu sendiri telah mengilhami sejumlah kecil segmen dari elit ini dengan keyakinan bahwa pemerintahan konstitusional akan berperan sebagai fungsi pemeriksaan atas otokrasi dan memberikan mereka kesempatan yang lebih baik untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan. Kekisruhan aturan yang dibuat oleh Sultan Abdul Aziz menyebabkan pemakzulannya pada tahun 1876 dan, setelah beberapa bulan yang penuh kesukaran, proklamasi suatu konstitusi Utsmaniyah yang mana sang sultan baru, Abdul Hamid II, berjanji untuk menegakkannya.^[3]

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^ For a scientific English translation of the Ottoman Constitution see, Tilmann J. Röder,The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), p. 321-3372. The article includes the following documents: The Basic Law (Kanun-e Esasi) of the Ottoman Empire (7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 / December 23, 1876); Law No. 130 on the Revision of Some Articles of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (5th Sha’ban 1327 / August 8, 1909); Law No. 318 Revising the Articles 7, 35, and 43 Revised on 5th Sha’ban 1327 (2nd Rejeb 1332 – May 15, 1914); Law No. 80 Revising the Article 102 of the Basic Law of the 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 and the Articles 7 and 43 Revised on 2nd Rejeb 1332 (26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 – January 29, 1914); Law No. 307 Revising the Revision of Article 76 of 5th Sha’ban 1327 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916); Law on the Revision of the Revised Art. 7 of the Basic Law of 26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 and the Deletion of the Revised Art. 35 of 2nd Rejeb 1332 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916); Law No. 370 Revising Article 72 of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (15th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 7, 1916); Law No 102 Revising Art. 69 of the Basic Law (8th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 21, 1918).
^ For a modern English translation of the constitution and related laws see, Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Grote/Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2011).
^ Cleveland, William (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. hlm. 79. ISBN 0813340489.

Buku:

Ahmad Ferozi: The New Ottoman Empire: A Study of Turkish Nationalism and Modernity (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Erik Jan Zürcher: Turkey: A Modern History (Princeton University Press, 2004).
Bernard Lewis: The Modern Middle East: A History (Penguin Books, 1995).

Artikel Jurnal:

Donald Quataert: "The Ottoman Empire and the Tanzimat Era" The Journal of Economic History Vol. 53, No. 2 (Jun, 1994), pp. 291-316.
Stanford Shaw: "The Ottoman Constitution of 1876" Near East Studies Vol. 15, No. 1-2 (1976), pp. 90-106.
E.E. Ramsaur: "The Young Ottomans and the Politics of Reform" International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. 2, No. 3 (Aug, 1971), pp. 259-287.

Pranala luar

[1] For a scientific English translation of the Ottoman Constitution see, Tilmann J. Röder,The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), p. 321-3372. The article includes the following documents: The Basic Law (Kanun-e Esasi) of the Ottoman Empire (7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 / December 23, 1876); Law No. 130 on the Revision of Some Articles of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (5th Sha’ban 1327 / August 8, 1909); Law No. 318 Revising the Articles 7, 35, and 43 Revised on 5th Sha’ban 1327 (2nd Rejeb 1332 – May 15, 1914); Law No. 80 Revising the Article 102 of the Basic Law of the 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 and the Articles 7 and 43 Revised on 2nd Rejeb 1332 (26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 – January 29, 1914); Law No. 307 Revising the Revision of Article 76 of 5th Sha’ban 1327 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916); Law on the Revision of the Revised Art. 7 of the Basic Law of 26th Rebi’ü-’l-Evvel 1333 and the Deletion of the Revised Art. 35 of 2nd Rejeb 1332 (4th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – February 25, 1916); Law No. 370 Revising Article 72 of the Basic Law of 7th Zi’lhijjeh 1293 (15th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 7, 1916); Law No 102 Revising Art. 69 of the Basic Law (8th Jumada-‘l-Ula 1334 – March 21, 1918).

[2] For a modern English translation of the constitution and related laws see, Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Grote/Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2011).

[3] Cleveland, William (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. hlm. 79. ISBN 0813340489.

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Konstitusi Utsmaniyah tahun 1876

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