Front Barat (Perang Dunia II)

Front Barat Bagian dari Perang Dunia II Searah jarum jam dari atas kiri: Rotterdam setelah Blitz, Pesawat Heinkel He 111 milik Jerman saat Pertempuran Britania, penerjun payung sekutu ketika Operasi Market Garden, Tentara Amerika berlari menyusuri Wernberg, Jerman, Siege of Bastogne, Tentara Amerika mendarat di Pantai Omaha ketika Operasi Overlord Tanggal 1939–1945 Lokasi Eropa Utara dan Eropa Barat Hasil 1939–1940: Kemenangan Blok Poros Okupasi hampir seluruh Eropa Barat dan Eropa Utara oleh tentara Poros Akhir Republik Prancis Ketiga dan pembentukan Rezim Vichy Berlanjutnya Pertempuran Britania dan Pertempuran Atlantik 1944–1945: Kemenangan Blok Sekutu Kejatuhan Nazi Jerman (bersamaan dengan Front Timur dan Front Italia) Liberalisasi di negara-negara Eropa Barat dan Utara Awal dari Tirai Besi dan Perang Dingin. Perubahan wilayah Pemisahan Jerman (1945) Pihak terlibat Blok Sekutu  United Kingdom  United States (1942–1945) Prancis  Canada Poland  Netherlands  Free France  Belgia  Norwegia  Denmark Cekoslowakia  Australia  New Zealand Afrika Selatan  Luxembourg Yunani Blok Poros  Jerman  Italia (1940–43) Tokoh dan pemimpin 1939–1940 Maurice Gamelin Maxime Weygand Lord Gort Lord Cork Henri Winkelman Leopold III Otto Ruge 1944–1945 Dwight D. Eisenhower Arthur Tedder Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley Jacob L. Devers George Patton Courtney Hodges William Simpson Alexander Patch Miles Dempsey Jean de Tassigny Harry Crerar 1939–1940 Walter von Brauchitsch Gerd von Rundstedt Heinz Guderian Fedor von Bock Wilhelm von Leeb Nikolaus von Falkenhorst H.R.H. Umberto di Savoia 1944–1945 Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Gerd von Rundstedt Günther von Kluge Walter Model Albert Kesselring Erwin Rommel Johannes Blaskowitz Hermann Balck Paul Hausser Friedrich Schulz Kurt Student Ernst Busch Kekuatan 1939–1940 2.862.000 tentara 1944–1945 5.412.219 tentara [1] 1939–1940 3.350.000 tentara 1944–1945 1.500.000 tentara Korban 1940 2.121.560[3]–2.260.000 korban [5] 1944–1945 783.860 korban[7] Total: 2.905.420–3.043.860 korban 1940 160.780[9]–163.650 casualties[14] 1941–1945 836,606 casualties[15][16] Total: 997,386–1,000,256 korban

Front Barat dari kawasan Eropa saat Perang Dunia II terdiri dari Denmark, Norwegia, Luksemburg, Belgia, Belanda, dan Jerman Barat.[17] Front Barat ini ditandai dengan 2 fase operasi skala besar. Fase pertama adalah dikuasai Belanda, Belgia, dan Prancis pada bulan Mei dan Juni 1940 oleh Nazi Jerman dan berlanjut pada peperangan udara antara Jerman dan Inggris (Pertempuran Britania). Fase kedua adalah peperangan darat skala besar yang dimulai dengan pendaratan pasukan sekutu di Normandia dan berlanjut sampai kalahnya Jerman bulan Mei 1945.

Referensi

1. MacDonald, C (2005), The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. University Press of the Pacific, p.478
2. Ellis, p.255
3. Ellis provides no figure for Danish casualties, he places Norwegian losses at 2,000 killed or missing with no information provided on those wounded or captured. Dutch casualties are placed at 2.890 killed or missing, 6.900 wounded, with no information provided on those captured. Belgian casualties are placed at 7.500 killed or missing, 15.850 wounded, and 200.000 captured. French casualties amounted to 120,000 killed or missing, 250.000 wounded, and 1.450.000 taken prison. British losses totalled to 11.010 killed or missing, 14.070 wounded (only those who were evacuated have been counted), and 41.340 taken prisoner.[2] Losses in 1940, according to Ellis’ information, thus amount to 2.121.560.
4. Hooton 2007, p. 90.
5. 360.000 dead or wounded, and 1.900.000 captured[4]
6. Ellis, p. 256
7. American: 109.820 killed or missing, 356.660 wounded, and 56.630 captured; British: 30.280 killed or missing, 96.670 wounded, 14.700 captured; Canadian: 10,740 killed or missing, 30.910 wounded, 2.250 captured; French: 12.590 killed or missing, 49.510 wounded, 4,730 captured; Pole: 1.160 killed or missing, 3.840 wounded, 370 captured.[6]
   Thus according to Ellis’ information, the Western Allies incurred 783.860 casualties.
8. Ellis, p. 255
9. 43.110 Germans killed or missing, 111.640 wounded, no information is provided on any who were captured. Italian losses amounted to 1.250 killed or missing, 4.780 wounded, and no information is provided on any who were captured.[8]
10. Frieser (1995), p. 400
11. L'Histoire, No. 352, April 2010 France 1940: Autopsie d'une défaite, p. 59.
12. Shepperd (1990), p. 88
13. Hooton 2010, p. 73.
14. Germany: 157.621 casualties (27.074 dead (The final count of the German dead is possibly as high as 49.000 men when including the losses suffered by the Kriegsmarine, because of additional non-combat causes, the wounded who died of their injuries, and the missing who were confirmed as dead.[10] However this higher figure has not been used in the overall casualty figure), 111.034 wounded, 18.384 missing,[10][11][12] as well as 1,129 aircrew killed.[13] Italia: 6.029 korban (1.247 tewas/hilang, 2,631 terluka, and 2,151 hospitalised due to frostbite^[butuh rujukan]; Italian forces were involved in fighting in the French Alps, where severe sub-zero temperatures is common even during the summer.)
15. German losses between June 1941 and 10 April 1945, on the Western Front for the army only, amounted to 80,820 killed, 490,260 missing, and 265,526 wounded.[6]
16. Total German casualties between September 1939 to 31 December 1944, on the Western Front for both the army, Waffen SS, and foreign volunteers amounts to 128,030 killed, 399,860 wounded, and 7,614,790 captured (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the surrender of Germany)[6]
17. Jerman mengerahkan 40% angkatan darat dan 75% Luftwaffe mereka di Front Barat. Tahun 1944, ada sekitar 69 divisi Jerman di Prancis dan 19 di Italia (jumlahnya tidak pasti karena adanya pemindahan dan peletakan baru) Keegan, John (1990). The Second World War. Source-Axis History Factbook.  Menurut David Glantz PDF Diarsipkan 2011-07-09 di Wayback Machine., pada bulan Januari 1945 pasukan Poros telah mengerahkan 2,3 juta melawan Tentara Merah. Namun, akibat kurang persiapan pada musim dingin, mereka mengalami kekalahan dengan 510.000 tentara terbunuh di Timur dan 325.000 di Barat. Bulan April 1945, 1,96 juta tentara Jerman menghadapi 6,4 juta pasukan Tentara Merah di perbatasan Berlin, Cekoslowakia, dan beberapa daerah di kawasan timur lainnya. Di sisi lain, 4 juta tentara Sekutu di barat menghadapi tentara Jerman yang kurang dari 1 juta orang. Bulan Mei 1945, Soviet menerima 1,5 juta tentara yang menyerah, sedangkan di sisi lain 1 juta tentara Jerman lain menyerah pada Inggris dan Amerika.

• Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-025966-1. CMH Pub. 7-10.  Parameter |last-author-amp=& tidak valid (bantuan)
• Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants. BCA. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. 
• Gootzen, Har and Connor, Kevin (2006). "Battle for the Roer Triangle" ISBN 978-90-90-21455-9.See [1] Diarsipkan 2020-10-24 di Wayback Machine.
• Hastings, Max. (2004). Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41433-9.
• MacDonald, Charles B. (1993) [1973]. The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations (edisi ke-Special commemorative). Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. OCLC 41111259. CMH pub. 7-9-1. 
• Seaton, Albert (1971). The Russo-German War. New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-13333-5.
• Willis, Frank Roy (1962). The French in Germany, 1945–1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006). Remagen 1945: endgame against the Third Reich. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-249-0.
• Murray, Williamson and Millett, Alan R. (2000). A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00680-1.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Ellis, L. F. (1968). Victory in the West (Volume II). London: HMSO.
• Kurowski, Franz. (2005). Endkampf um das Reich 1944–1945. Erlangen: Karl Müller Verlag. ISBN 3-86070-855-4.
• Young, Peter, editor. World Almanac of World War II. St. Martin's Press.

Pranala luar

• (Inggris) Fron Barat di situs web militaryhistoryonline.com Diarsipkan 2018-09-15 di Wayback Machine.
• (Inggris) Western European Jewry During the First Years of the Nazi Conquest Diarsipkan 2016-01-06 di Wayback Machine. di situs web Yad Vashem