Eugenika di Amerika Serikat

Keluarga pemenang kontes Keluarga Bugar berdiri di luar Gedung Eugenics[1] (di mana kontestan yang telah mendaftar) di Kansas Free Fair, di Topeka, KS.

Eugenika merupakan seperangkat keyakinan dan praktik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas genetika suatu populasi penduduk dunia,[2][3] yang memainkan peran penting dalam sejarah dan budaya Amerika Serikat sebelum keterlibatannya dalam Perang Dunia II.[4]

Eugenika telah dipraktikkan di Amerika Serikat selama bertahun-tahun sebelum program eugenika di Nazi Jerman,[5] di mana sebagian besarnya terinspirasi dari karya Amerika sebelumnya.[6][7] Stefan Kühl telah mendokumentasikan konsensus antara kebijakan ras Nazi dan ahli eugenis di negara lainnya, termasuk Amerika Serikat, dan menunjukkan bahwa para eugenis memahami kebijakan dan tindakan Nazi sebagai realisasi dari tujuan dan tuntutan mereka.[8]

Selama Era Progresif di akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, eugenika dianggap sebagai metode untuk melestarikan dan memperbaiki kelompok dominan dalam suatu populasi; yang kini umumnya terkait dengan elemen-elemen rasis dan nativis, yang di mana gerakan tersebut pada suatu taraf tertentu merupakan reaksi terhadap perubahan emigrasi dari Eropa, serta bukan merupakan genetika secara ilmiah.[9]

Lihat pula

• Franz Boas
• Eksperimen manusia Nazi

Referensi

Catatan

1. ""A social register of fitter families and better babies" The Milwaukee Sentinel . 26 May 1929". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2018-03-06. 
2. "Eugenics". Unified Medical Language System (Psychological Index Terms). National Library of Medicine. 26 September 2010. 
3. Galton, Francis (July 1904). "Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims". The American Journal of Sociology. X (1): 82, 1st paragraph. Bibcode:1904Natur..70...82.. doi:10.1038/070082a0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2010. Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage. 
4. Susan Currell (2006). Popular eugenics: national efficiency and American mass culture in the 1930s. Ohio University Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-8214-1691-4. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2011. 
5. Lombardo, 2011: p. 1.
6. Kühl, Stefan (14 February 2002). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. hlm. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-534878-1. 
7. Edwin Black (9 November 2003). "Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection". San Francisco Chronicle. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2017. 
8. [Kühl, Stefan (14 February 2002). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. hlm. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-534878-1. ]
9. Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2016). The Gene. Scribner. hlm. 82–83. 

Bibliografi

• Bender, Daniel E. (2009). American abyss: savagery and civilization in the age of industry. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4598-9. 
• Black, Edwin (9 November 2003). "Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection". San Francisco Chronicle. 
• Boudreau, Erica Bicchieri (2005). "'Yea, I have a Goodly Heritage': Health Versus Heredity in the Fitter Family Contests, 1920–1928". Journal of Family History. 30 (4): 366–87. doi:10.1177/0363199005276359. PMID 16304739. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-05. Diakses tanggal 2018-03-04. 
• Engs, Ruth C. (2005). The eugenics movement: an encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32791-9. 
• Kevles, Daniel J. (1986). In the Name of Eugenics: genetics and the uses of human heredity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05763-0. 
• Kühl, Stefan (2001). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-514978-4. 
• Lombardo, Paul A. (2008). Three generations, no imbeciles: eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9010-9. 
• Lombardo, Paul A. (2011). A Century of Eugenics in America: From the Indiana Experiment to the Human Genome Era. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22269-5. 
• McWhorter, Ladelle (2009). Racism and sexual oppression in Anglo-America: a genealogy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22063-9. 
• Murphy, Timothy F. & Lappé, Marc, ed. (1994). Justice and the human genome project. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08363-9. Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (link)
• Ordover, Nancy (2003). American eugenics: race, queer anatomy, and the science of nationalism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3559-7. 
• Pernick, Martin S. (1999). The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of "Defective" Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513539-8. 
• Pernick, Martin S. (2002). "Taking Better Baby Contests Seriously". American Journal of Public Health. 92 (5): 707–708. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.5.707. PMC 1447148 . PMID 11988430. 
• Selden, Steven (2005). "Transforming Better Babies into Fitter Families: Archival Resources and the History of the American Eugenics Movement, 1908–1930". American Philosophical Society. 149 (2): 199–225. 
• Stern, Alexandra (2005). Eugenic nation: faults and frontiers of better breeding in modern America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24444-3. 

Bacaan lanjut

• Allen, Garland E. (1987). "The role of experts in scientific controversy". Dalam Engelhardt, Hugo Tristram & Caplan, Arthur L. Scientific controversies: case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 169–202. ISBN 978-0-521-27560-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link)
• Barkan, Elazar (1993). The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45875-7. 
• Bashford, Alison & Levine, Philippa, ed. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537314-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link)
• Bauman, Zygmunt (2000). Modernity and the Holocaust. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8719-4. 
• Black, Edwin (2004). War against the weak: eugenics and America's campaign to create a master race. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56858-321-1. 
• Cuddy, Lois A. & Roche, Claire M., ed. (2003). Evolution and eugenics in American literature and culture, 1880–1940: essays on ideological conflict and complicity. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8387-5555-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link)
• Currell, Susan (2006). Popular eugenics: national efficiency and American mass culture in the 1930s. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1692-1. 
• Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (1997). Keeping America sane: psychiatry and eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880–1940. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8398-1. 
• Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man (edisi ke-2nd, revised). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31425-0.  CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
• Haller, Mark H. (1963). Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. Rutgers University Press. 
• Hansen, Randall and King, Desmond (eds.), Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race, and the Population Scare in Twentieth-Century North America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Hasian, Marouf Arif (1996). The rhetoric of eugenics in Anglo-American thought. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1771-7. 
• Kline, Wendy (2005). Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24674-4. 
• Kohn, Marek (1995). The Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science. London: Jonathan Cape. 
• Larson, Edward J. (1996). Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5511-5. 
• Lusane, Clarence (2002). Hitler's black victims: the historical experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi era. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93295-0. 
• Maxwell, Anne (2010). Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-415-4. ^[pranala nonaktif permanen]
• McCann, Carole Ruth (1999). Birth control politics in the United States, 1916–1945. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8612-8. 
• Mendelsohn, Everett (March–April 2000). "The Eugenic Temptation: When ethics lag behind technology". Harvard Magazine. 
• Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1988). White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877–1919. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-030-3. 
• Reilly, Philip R. (1991). The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4096-8. 
• Rosen, Christine (2004). Preaching eugenics: religious leaders and the American eugenics movement. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515679-9. 
• Ross, Loretta (2000). "Eugenics: African-American Case Study—Eugenics and Family Planning". Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Education: Health to Hypertension. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. hlm. 638. ISBN 978-0-415-92089-6. 
• Schoen, Johanna (2005). Choice and Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807855850. 
• Solinger, Rickie (2005). Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America. New York, NY: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814798287. 
• Smith, J. David. (1993). The Eugenic Assault on America: Scenes in Red, White and Black. George Mason University Press. ISBN 978-0-913969-53-3. 
• Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. University of Vermont Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6. 
• Tucker, William H. (2007). The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9. Ringkasan. 

Pranala luar

• The Color of Democracy: A Japanese Public Health Official's Reconnaissance Trip to the U.S. South Takeuchi-Demirci, Aiko. Southern Spaces 18 Maret 2011.
• "Eugenics" Diarsipkan 2010-07-04 di Wayback Machine., Scope Note 28, Bioethics Research Center, Universitas Georgetown
  
• Plotz, David. "The Better Baby Business", Washington Post, 13 March 2001. Web. 25 April 2010. [1].
• Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States, Kaelber, Lutz (ed.)
• Eugenics in the United States and Britain, 1890–1930: sebuah studi komparatif
• Eugenika di Amerika Serikat
  
• "Buck v. Bell (1927)" by N. Antonios and C. Raup pada Embryo Project Encyclopedia