Ekonomi Dinasti Han

Cangkir bertatahkan giok dari masa Han Barat (202 SM – 9 M), disimpan di Museum Sackler
Perekat sabuk emas dari masa Han Timur (25–220 M), dilengkapi dengan motif hewan dan burung dalam mitologi Tiongkok

Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) di Tiongkok kuno pernah mengalami kemakmuran dan juga kemerosotan ekonomi. Periode Han umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga: Han Barat (206 SM – 9 M), Dinasti Xin (9–23 M), dan Han Timur (25–220 M). Rezim Xin yang dibentuk oleh Wang Mang menjadi periode yang menyelangi kekuasaan Han yang panjang. Setelah rezim Wang Mang bubar, ibu kota Han dipindah ke timur dari Chang'an ke Luoyang. Maka dari itu, sejarawan membuat periodisasi Han berdasarkan lokasi ibu kotanya: barat dan timur.[1]

Pada masa Han, Tiongkok mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk dan peningkatan urbanisasi. Industri dan perdagangan juga mengalami perkembangan yang pesat, dan pemerintah melakukan uji coba dengan program nasionalisasi. Pada masa ini, jumlah koin yang dicetak dan yang beredar di masyarakat meningkat drastis, sehingga menjadi landasan sistem keuangan yang stabil. Jalur Sutra memfasilitasi perdagangan dan penerimaan upeti dari negara lain di Eurasia, termasuk negara-negara yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal oleh orang Tionghoa. Ibu kota kekaisaran di Han Barat (Chang'an) dan Timur (Luoyang) menjadi salah satu kota terbesar di dunia pada masanya, baik dari segi jumlah penduduk maupun luas wilayah.

Pada awal masa Han, petani di pedesaan bisa berdikari, tetapi mereka mulai bergantung pada perdagangan dengan tuan-tuan tanah yang kaya. Akibatnya, banyak petani yang berutang dan terpaksa menjadi pekerja upahan atau penyewa lahan tuan tanah. Pemerintah Han terus memberikan bantuan kepada petani miskin yang harus bersaing dengan golongan bangsawan, tuan tanah, dan pedagang. Pemerintah mencoba membatasi kekuatan kelompok-kelompok kaya dengan pajak dan regulasi. Kaisar Wu (berkuasa 141–87 SM) bahkan menasionalisasi industri besi dan garam; namun, monopoli pemerintah di sektor ini dihapuskan pada masa Han Timur. Campur tangan pemerintah yang semakin gencar dalam ekonomi swasta pada akhir abad ke-2 SM sangat melemahkan golongan pedagang. Akibatnya, para tuan tanah dapat meningkatkan pengaruh mereka. Tuan-tuan tanah akhirnya juga mendominasi sektor perdagangan dan mengendalikan golongan petani di pedesaan. Pada tahun 180-an, kekisruhan politik dan ekonomi di Dinasti Han memaksa pemerintah untuk menerima desentralisasi kekuasaan, sementara para tuan tanah yang kaya menjadi semakin independen dan kuat di wilayahnya.

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  1. ^ Hinsch 2002, hlm. 24–25; Cullen 2006, hlm. 1.

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