Daya tarik fisik

Sebuah penelitian di University of Toronto menemukan bahwa proporsi wajah Jessica Alba mendekati rata-rata profil kebanyakan wanita.

Daya tarik fisik adalah gambaran mengenai sejauh mana ciri fisik seseorang dianggap estetik atau indah. Istilah ini sering menyiratkan daya tarik seksual atau hasrat seksual, tetapi juga bisa berbeda dari keduanya. Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi ketertarikan seseorang terhadap orang lain, salah satunya adalah aspek fisik. Ketertarikan fisik itu sendiri mencakup persepsi universal yang umum bagi semua budaya manusia seperti simetri wajah,[1] dan atribut lain yang bergantung pada kondisi sosiokultural dan preferensi pribadi unik individu tertentu.[2]

Dalam banyak kasus, manusia secara tidak sadar mengaitkan karakteristik positif, seperti kecerdasan dan kejujuran, dengan orang yang menarik secara fisik.[3] Dari penelitian yang dilakukan di Amerika Serikat dan Inggris, ditemukan bahwa asosiasi antara kecerdasan dan daya tarik fisik lebih kuat pada pria daripada wanita.[4] Psikolog evolusioner telah mencoba menjawab mengapa individu yang lebih menarik secara fisik rata-rata juga dianggap lebih cerdas, dan telah mengemukakan gagasan bahwa kecerdasan umum dan daya tarik fisik mungkin merupakan indikator kebugaran genetik yang mendasarinya.[4] Karakteristik fisik seseorang dapat memberi sinyal pada kesuburan dan kesehatan,[5][6] studi pemodelan statistik menunjukkan bahwa variabel bentuk wajah mencerminkan aspek kesehatan fisiologis, termasuk lemak tubuh dan tekanan darah, juga memengaruhi persepsi pengamat mengenai kesehatan seseorang.[7] Faktor-faktor ini akan meningkatkan keberhasilan reproduksi, memajukan representasi gen seseorang dalam populasi.[8]

Laki-laki heteroseksual, rata-rata, cenderung tertarik pada wanita yang memiliki penampilan muda dan menunjukkan ciri-ciri seperti wajah simetris,[9] payudara berisi, bibir berisi, dan rasio pinggang-pinggul rendah.[10][11] Wanita heteroseksual, rata-rata cenderung tertarik pada pria yang lebih tinggi dari mereka dan yang menunjukkan tingkat simetri wajah yang tinggi, dimorfisme wajah maskulin, kekuatan tubuh bagian atas, bahu lebar, pinggang yang relatif sempit, dan batang tubuh berbentuk V.[12][13][14][15]

Referensi

  1. ^ Grammer K, Thornhill R (October 1994). "Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 108 (3): 233–42. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233. PMID 7924253. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2019. 
  2. ^ Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; L. M. Welling, Lisa; Shackelford, Todd K. (2015). Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology. United States: Springer Science+Business Media. hlm. 329. ISBN 978-3-319-12697-5. ...why, despite broad agreement, we see a wide variety of personal preferences. 
  3. ^ Dion K, Berscheid E, Walster E (December 1972). "What is beautiful is good". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 24 (3): 285–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.9955alt=Dapat diakses gratis. doi:10.1037/h0033731. PMID 4655540. 
  4. ^ a b Kanazawa, Satoshi (2011). "Intelligence and physical attractiveness". Intelligence. 39 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.11.003. 
  5. ^ Stephen ID, Tan KW (2015). "Healthy body, healthy face? Evolutionary approaches to health perception.". Dalam Sheppard E, Haque S. Culture and Cognition: A Collection of Critical Essays. Peter Lang International Publishers. 
  6. ^ Brown WM, Price ME, Kang J, Pound N, Zhao Y, Yu H (September 2008). "Fluctuating asymmetry and preferences for sex-typical bodily characteristics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (35): 12938–43. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512938B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710420105alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 2529114alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 18711125. 
  7. ^ Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI (2017). "Facial Shape Analysis Identifies Valid Cues to Aspects of Physiological Health in Caucasian, Asian, and African Populations". Frontiers in Psychology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 8: 1883. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01883alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 5670498alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29163270. 
  8. ^ Barelds-Dijkstra P, Barelds DP (March 2008). "Positive illusions about one's partner's physical attractiveness". Body Image. 5 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.07.004. PMID 18405868. 
  9. ^ Briscoe, Joanna (January 17, 2004). "Haven't I seen you somewhere before?". The Guardian. London. Diakses tanggal July 15, 2011. Evolutionary psychologists claim there is an underlying standard script for beauty – a foundation for what we find appealing that transcends culture and ethnicity. There are various absolutes. For instance, to judge someone beautiful, the eye requires symmetry 
  10. ^ Fisher, Maryanne L. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. 603. ISBN 978-0-19-937639-1. 
  11. ^ Nettle D (September 2002). "Women's height, reproductive success and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern humans" (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 269 (1503): 1919–23. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2111. PMC 1691114alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 12350254. 
  12. ^ Glassenberg AN, Feinberg DR, Jones BC, Little AC, Debruine LM (December 2010). "Sex-dimorphic face shape preference in heterosexual and homosexual men and women". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (6): 1289–96. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9559-6. PMID 19830539. 
  13. ^ Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, Henzi SP, Castles DL, Akamatsu S (August 1998). "Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness". Nature. 394 (6696): 884–87. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..884P. doi:10.1038/29772. PMID 9732869. 
  14. ^ Sell A, Lukazsweski AW, Townsley M (December 2017). "Cues of upper body strength account for most of the variance in men's bodily attractiveness". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 284 (1869): 20171819. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1819. PMC 5745404alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 29237852. 
  15. ^ Mautz BS, Wong BB, Peters RA, Jennions MD (April 2013). "Penis size interacts with body shape and height to influence male attractiveness". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (17): 6925–30. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6925M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219361110alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 3637716alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 23569234. 

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