Cynodontia

Cynodontia
Rentang fosil: Permian Akhir-Sekarang, 260–0 jtyl
Contoh Cynodontia.

baris pertama: Trirachodon berryi, Probainognathus jenseni;
baris kedua: Brasilitherium riograndensis, Castorocauda lutrasimilis;
baris ketiga: Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus), Loxodonta africana (African bush elephant).

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Filum:
(tanpa takson):
Klad Therapsida
Klad Eutheriodontia
Klad Cynodontia

Owen, 1861
Klad

Cynodontia (terj. har.'gigi anjing') adalah klad therapsida Eutheriodontia yang pertama kali muncul pada Permian Akhir (kira-kira 260 jtyl), dan secara ekstensif terdiversifikasi setelah Peristiwa kepunahan Perm–Trias. Cynodontia memiliki bermacam-macam varietas gaya hidup, termasuk karnivor dan herbivor. Mamalia (termasuk manusia) adalah Cynodontia, juga nenek moyang dan kerabat dekatnya yang sudah punah, berevolusi dari Cynodontia Probainognathia yang sudah canggih selama Trias Akhir. Semua garis Cynodontia lain sudah punah, dengan Cynodontia non-mamalia terakhir yang diketahui, Tritylodontidae yang meninggalkan jejak fosil terakhir pada periode Kapur Awal.

Taksonomi

Richard Owen menamai Cynodontia pada 1861, yang pada saat itu Owen memasukkannya dalam Anomodontia sebagai famili.[1] Robert Broom (1913) menempatkan ulang Cynodonia sebagai infraordo, sejak dipertahankan oleh yang lain, termasuk Colbert dan Kitching (1977), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), dan Rubidge dan Cristian Sidor (2001).[2] Olson (1966) memasukkan Cynodontia dalam Theriodontia, Colbert and Kitching (1977) juga memasukkannya dalam Theriodontia, dan Rubridge dan Sidor (2001) memasukkannya dalam Eutheriodontia. William King Gregory (1910), Broom (1913), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), Hopson and Kitching (2001) dan Botha et al. (2007) semua menganggap Cynodontia termasuk dalam Therapsida. Botha et al. (2007) telah mengikuti Owen (1861), namun tanpa tingkat taksonomi yang rinci.[3][4]

Sauropsida (reptil dan burung)

Synapsida

Caseasauria

†"Pelycosaurs"

Therapsida

Biarmosuchia

Dinocephalia

Anomodontia

Gorgonopsia

Therocephalia

Cynodontia

Filogeni

Procynosuchus
Exaeretodon
Diademodon
Tritylodon
Oligokyphus

Di bawah adalah kladogram dari Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell dan Benton (2013) menunjukkan satu hipotesis mengenai kekerabatan Cynodontia:[5]

Cynodontia 

Charassognathus

Dvinia

Procynosuchus

 Epicynodontia 

Cynosaurus

Galesaurus

Progalesaurus

Nanictosaurus

Thrinaxodon

Platycraniellus

 Eucynodontia 

Cynognathia

Probainognathia

→ †Cynognathia 

Cynognathus

 †Gomphodontia 

Diademodon

 †Trirachodontidae 

Beishanodon

Sinognathus

Trirachodon

Cricodon

Langbergia

 †Traversodontidae 

Andescynodon

Pascualgnathus

Scalenodon

Luangwa

Traversodon

"Scalenodon" attridgei

Mandagomphodon

Nanogomphodon

Arctotraversodon

Boreogomphodon

 †Massetognathinae 

Massetognathus

Dadadon

Santacruzodon

 †Gomphodontosuchinae 

Menadon

Gomphodontosuchus

Protuberum

Exaeretodon

Scalenodontoides

→ Probainognathia 

Lumkuia

Ecteninion

Aleodon

Chiniquodon

Probainognathus

Trucidocynodon

Therioherpeton

 †Tritheledontidae 

Riograndia

Chaliminia

Elliotherium

Diarthrognathus

Pachygenelus

 †Brasilodontidae 

Brasilitherium

Brasilodon

 †Tritylodontidae 

Oligokyphus

Kayentatherium

Tritylodon

Beinotherium

 Mammaliaformes 

Mammalia

Sinoconodon

Morganucodon

Penyebaran

Cynodontia telah ditemukan di Amerika Selatan, India, Afrika, Antarktika,[6] Asia,[7] Eropa[8] dan Amerika Utara.[9]

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Classification of R. Owen 1861.
  2. ^ Classification of B. S. Rubidge and C. A. Sidor 2001
  3. ^ R. Broom. 1913. A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo. Annals of the South African Museum 7(6):361–366
  4. ^ S. H. Haughton and A. S. Brink. 1954. A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 2:1–187
  5. ^ Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013). "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131865. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865. PMC 3768321alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 23986112. 
  6. ^ Abdala, Fernando; Ribeiro, Ana Maria (2010). "Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 286 (3–4): 202–217. Bibcode:2010PPP...286..202A. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.011. 
  7. ^ Lucas, Spencer G. (2001). Chinese Fossil Vertebrates. New York City, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. hlm. 133. ISBN 0-231-08482-X. Diakses tanggal November 30, 2019. 
  8. ^ Fraser, Nicholas C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997). In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge University Press. 
  9. ^ Sues, Hans-Dieter; Olsen, Paul E.; Carter, Joseph G. (1999). "A Late Triassic Traversodont Cynodont From the Newark Supergroup of North Carolina" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (2): 351–354. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011146. [pranala nonaktif permanen]

Bacaan lebih lanjut

  • Hopson, J.A.; Kitching, J.W. (2001). "A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of non-mammalian cynodonts". Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 156: 5–35. 
  • Davis, Dwight (1961). "Origin of the Mammalian Feeding Mechanism". Am. Zoologist, 1:229–234.

Pranala luar


Read other articles:

Institute in Belgium This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) UNU-CRIS logo The United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS) is a Research and Training Institute[1] of the United Nations University (…

Italian painter (1881–1918) Adriana Bisi FabbriAdriana Bisi Fabbri , Autoritratto, 1914BornAdriana Fabbri1881 (1881)Ferrara, ItalyDied1918 (aged 36–37)Travedona-Monate, ItalyNationalityItalianKnown forPaintingSpouseGiannetto Bisi All'ippodromo, 1913 (Art collections of Fondazione Cariplo) Adriana Bisi Fabbri (1881–1918) was an Italian painter. Biography Adriana Fabbri was born in Ferrara, where she met her future husband, journalist Giannetto Bisi, and she spent part of …

Principal hydrological divide of North and South America Continental Divide redirects here. For other uses, see Continental divide (disambiguation). The Continental Divide in North America in red and other drainage divides in North America The Continental Divide in Central America and South America The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principa…

Leader of North Korea from 1948 to 1994 Eternal PresidentKim Il Sung김일성Kim c. 1950sGeneral Secretary of the Workers' Party of KoreaIn office12 October 1966 – 8 July 1994Secretary See list Choe Yong-gonKim IlPak Kum-cholRi Hyo-sonKim Kwang-hyopSok SanHo Pong-hakKim Yong-juPak Yong-gukKim To-manRi Kuk-jinKim Jung-rinYang Hyong-sopO Jin-uKim Tong-gyuHan Ik-suHyon Mu-gwangKim Jong IlHwang Jang-yopKim Yong-namKim HwanYon Hyong-mukYun Ki-bokHong Si-hak Preceded by…

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL(2017年4月) コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク(木栓、蘭&…

Vesuvius AirfieldPart of Twelfth Air ForceCoordinates40°50′27.98″N 014°30′59.43″E / 40.8411056°N 14.5165083°E / 40.8411056; 14.5165083TypeMilitary airfieldSite informationControlled byUnited States Army Air ForcesSite historyBuilt1943In use1943-1944 Vesuvius Airfieldclass=notpageimage| Location of Vesuvius Airfield, Sicily Vesuvius Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy, located approximately two km (1.2 mi) east-n…

Lambang negara Benin adalah lambang resmi dari Benin. Format terkini lambang ini diresmikan pada 1990, diperkenalkan pada 1964 setelah diubah pada 1975. Struktur Di atas lambang, terdapat dua tanduk berhias jagung dan diisi pasir, melambangkan kemakmura. Di bawahnya terdapat perisai yang merupakan lambang sebenarnya. Perisai terbagi atas empat bagian. Kiri atas menggambarkan sebuah kastil dengan gaya Somba, mewakili sejarah negara tersebut. Di kanan atas, adalah Bintang Benin, penghargaan tertin…

Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Матер…

Municipality in Northeast, BrazilParatinga Município de ParatingaMunicipalityTravessa Durval Pereira BritoLocation of Paratinga in BahiaParatingaLocation of Paratinga in BrazilCoordinates: 12°41′27″S 43°11′02″W / 12.69083°S 43.18389°W / -12.69083; -43.18389Country BrazilRegionNortheastState BahiaFoundedJune 25, 1745Government • MayorEliezer Pereira Dourado Filho (PP, 2013-2016)Area • Total2,624 km2 (1,013 sq mi)Elev…

这是马来族人名,“尤索夫”是父名,不是姓氏,提及此人时应以其自身的名“法迪拉”为主。 尊敬的拿督斯里哈芝法迪拉·尤索夫Fadillah bin Haji YusofSSAP DGSM PGBK 国会议员 副首相 第14任马来西亚副首相现任就任日期2022年12月3日与阿末扎希同时在任君主最高元首苏丹阿都拉陛下最高元首苏丹依布拉欣·依斯迈陛下首相安华·依布拉欣前任依斯迈沙比里 马来西亚能源转型与公共…

Мост Патни 51°28′01″ с. ш. 0°12′47″ з. д.HGЯO Официальное название англ. Putney Bridge Область применения автомобильный По мосту проходит A219[вд] Пересекает Темза Место расположения Патни, Лондон Конструкция Тип конструкции арочный Материал камень Общая дли…

A road in West Sussex, England, UK A264 redirects here. For the ship, see HSwMS Trossö (A264). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: A264 road – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A264Major junctionsEast endPemburyMajor intersections M23 A21 A2…

Norwegian architect and archaeologist Gerhard FischerFischer (right) around 1967Born(1890-07-12)12 July 1890Bergen, NorwayDied10 September 1977(1977-09-10) (aged 87)Oslo, NorwayNationalityNorwegianOccupation(s)ArchitectArcheologistAwardsMedal of St. HallvardOrder of St. OlavHonorary member of Society of Antiquaries of ScotlandHonorary member of Society of Antiquaries of London Gerhard Fischer (12 July 1890 – 10 September 1977) was a Norwegian architect and archaeologist.[1] Bi…

Former President of the Supreme Court of Israel Aharon BarakPresident of the Supreme Court of IsraelIn office13 August 1995 – 14 September 2006Preceded byMeir ShamgarSucceeded byDorit Beinisch Personal detailsBorn (1936-09-16) 16 September 1936 (age 87)Kaunas, LithuaniaNationalityIsraeliSpouseElisheva Barak-UssoskinChildren4Parent(s)Zvi Brick, Leah BrickAlma materHebrew University of Jerusalem Aharon Barak (Hebrew: אהרן ברק; born 16 September 1936) is an Israeli lawyer and…

Branch overseeing administration of the state This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Executive government – news · newspapers · books · scholar …

Animated television series made by Walt Disney Television For other uses, see Aladdin (disambiguation). AladdinAlso known asDisney's Aladdin: The SeriesGenre Action/Adventure Fantasy Comedy Mystery Romance Based onAladdin by Walt Disney Feature AnimationDeveloped by Tad Stones Alan Zaslove Starring Scott Weinger Linda Larkin Dan Castellaneta Gilbert Gottfried Frank Welker Val Bettin Opening themeArabian NightsEnding themeArabian Nights (Instrumental)Composers Mark Watters John Given Harvey Cohen…

Method of separating mixtures Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Distillation (disambiguation), Distiller (disambiguation), Distillery (disambiguation), Distill (album), Distill (journal), and Distillate (motor fuel). Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boling-point thermometre5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of…

Palestinian sheep and goat cheese This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Nabulsi cheese – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nabulsi cheeseCountry of originPalestineRegionWest BankTownNablusSource of milkCow, sheep, goat Nabulsi (or nabo…

شركة الرياض للتعميرشركة الرياض للتعميرالشعارمعلومات عامةسميت باسم الرياض البلد  السعوديةالتأسيس 9 مايو عام 1994مالنوع تطوير عقاريالشكل القانوني شركة مساهمة — شركة عامة المقر الرئيسي مدينة الرياض ،  السعوديةموقع الويب riyadh.dev المنظومة الاقتصاديةالنشاطات التطوير العقا…

2012 film by Richard Knight Jr. and Peter Neville Scrooge & MarleyTheatrical release posterDirected byRichard Knight Jr.Peter NevilleScreenplay byRichard Knight Jr.Timothy ImseEllen StonekingBased onA Christmas Carolby Charles DickensProduced byTracy BaimDavid StrzepekStarring David Pevsner Tim Kazurinsky Rusty Schwimmer Bruce Vilanch Megan Cavanagh Ronnie Kroell David Moretti CinematographyAndrew ParotteMusic byLisa McQueenProductioncompanySam I Am FilmsRelease date November 21, 2…