Awan cokelat Asia

Awan Vokelat Atmosferik di belahan Tiongkok

Awan cokelat Samudra Hindia atau awan cokelat Asia adalah sebuah lapisan polusi udara yang menerjang belahan Asia Selatan, yakni utara Samudra Hindia, India, dan Pakistan.^[1]^[2] Terlibat dari foto-foto satelit, awan tersebut tampak sebagai noda cokelat raksasa di udara di sepanjang sebagian besar Asia Selatan dan Samudra Hindia setiap tahun antara Januari dan Maret, mungkin juga pada bulan-bulan sebelumnya dan bulan-bulan berikutnya. Istilah tersebut dicetuskan dalam laporan-laporan dari UNEP Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX).^[3]

Referensi

^ Srinivasan (10 September 2002). "Asian Brown Cloud – fact and fantasy" (PDF). Current Science. 83 (5): 586–592. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 5 November 2004.
^ Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Crutzen, P. J.; Lelieveld, J.; Mitra, A. P.; Althausen, D.; Anderson, J.; Andreae, M. O.; Cantrell, W.; et al. (2001). "Indian Ocean experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D22): 28371–28398. Bibcode:2001JGR...10628371R. doi:10.1029/2001JD900133 . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-30.
^ Ramanathan, Veerabhadran et al. (2002) The Asian brown cloud climate and other environmental impacts: impact study Diarsipkan June 5, 2004, di Wayback Machine. Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Kenya, ISBN 92-807-2240-9, accessed 8 December 2008

Bacaan tambahan

Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P. J. (2003). "New Directions: Atmospheric Brown "Clouds"". Atmospheric Environment. 37 (28): 4033–4035. Bibcode:2003AtmEn..37.4033R. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00536-3.
Silva-Send, Nilmini (2007) Preventing regional air pollution in Asia : the potential role of the European Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution in Asian regions University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, OCLC 262737812

Pranala luar

Bray, Marianne (2002) "'Asian Brown Cloud' poses global threat" CNN, from WebArchive

[1] Srinivasan (10 September 2002). "Asian Brown Cloud – fact and fantasy" (PDF). Current Science. 83 (5): 586–592. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 5 November 2004.

[2] Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Crutzen, P. J.; Lelieveld, J.; Mitra, A. P.; Althausen, D.; Anderson, J.; Andreae, M. O.; Cantrell, W.; et al. (2001). "Indian Ocean experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D22): 28371–28398. Bibcode:2001JGR...10628371R. doi:10.1029/2001JD900133 . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-30.

[Ramanathan-2002-3] Ramanathan, Veerabhadran et al. (2002) The Asian brown cloud climate and other environmental impacts: impact study Diarsipkan June 5, 2004, di Wayback Machine. Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi Kenya, ISBN 92-807-2240-9, accessed 8 December 2008

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Awan cokelat Asia

Referensi

Bacaan tambahan

Pranala luar

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