巴斯玛奇运动

巴斯玛奇运动
第一次世界大戰俄國內戰的一部分

布哈拉在红军部队的围攻中燃烧,1920年9月1日
日期1916年–1934年
地点
结果 蘇維埃勝利
参战方
 俄罗斯帝国
(1916–1917)
俄罗斯 俄羅斯共和國
(1917)

 俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国

花剌子模人民蘇維埃共和國
布哈拉人民蘇維埃共和國


 苏联
(1922年12月30日起)

巴斯玛奇
希瓦汗國
(1918–1920)
俄罗斯 白軍
(1919–1920)[1]
布哈拉酋長國
(1920)
支持:
阿富汗酋長國 (至1922年中葉)[2]


薩卡維派
(1929)[3]
指挥官与领导者
米哈伊尔·伏龙芝
格里戈里·索科利尼科夫
弗拉基米尔·拉扎列维奇英语Vladimir Lazarevich
瓦西里·绍林英语Vasily Shorin
奥古斯特·科尔克
谢苗·普加乔夫英语Semyon Pugachov
米哈伊尔·列万多夫斯基
康斯坦丁·阿夫克先季耶斯基
菲利普·戈洛晓金
馬三奇
法伊祖拉·霍贾耶夫
米尔扎-达乌德·侯赛因诺夫

恩维尔帕夏 
易卜拉欣贝克 
奥斯曼·霍贾耶夫俄语Усман Ходжа
穆埃特金贝克俄语Муэтдин-бек 
库尔希尔马特俄语Курширмат
Irgash Bey
马达明贝克俄语Мадамин-бек
朱奈德汗
穆罕默德·阿利姆汗
俄罗斯 康斯坦丁·蒙斯特洛夫俄语Монстров, Константин Иванович 


哈比布拉·卡拉卡尼 處決
兵力
突厥斯坦方面軍英语Turkestan Front
120,000人–160,000人[4]
20,000-30,000人(1919年底)[5]
伤亡与损失
9,338人陣亡或病死
29,617人受傷(1921年1月-1922年7月)[6]
516人陣亡
867人受傷(1922年10月–1931年6月)[7]
總計:至少40,000人傷亡
至少9,854人死亡
至少30,484人受傷
不明
數万平民喪生。[8][9]數十萬哈薩克人吉爾吉斯人被殺害或驅逐。[10]不明人數平民餓死

巴斯玛奇运动(俄语:Басмачество羅馬化Basmachestvo),正式稱呼為突厥斯坦解放組織[11],是以突厥人为主的穆斯林反对俄罗斯帝国苏联中亚统治的抵抗組織。巴斯玛奇运动在第一次世界大战期间1916年开始,由为反沙皇徵兵和反俄起义发展成一次长期的对苏联的内战,由恩维尔·帕夏領導,直到1934年才渐渐平息。

苏联方面的资料将其描述成一次伊斯兰原教旨主义,连同普通暴徒和乌合之众以及伊斯兰激进分子的叛乱运动。发动起义的叛军被故意贬低称为“Basmachi”,即乌孜别克语的“土匪”之意。苏联用这个词来代表在俄国革命和1930年代之间中亚活跃的穆斯林敌人。[12]其他历史学家认为,起义重要的基本力量是许多普通的农民和牧民,这些人民反对俄罗斯的文化帝国主义,更反对苏联的强硬政策和对粮食牲畜的征收(戰時共產主義)。[來源請求]这类观点同时也考虑到苏联当局对沙皇政权的殖民政治政策的延续。然而,穆斯林传统主义和泛突厥主义也是起义的两大重要组成部分,普通的匪帮也有参与。[來源請求]

影响

这一运动一度耽搁了中亚民族进一步的界定工作,也让布尔什维克当局越发忌惮当地的穆斯林势力。同時也引起大批哈薩克族吉爾吉斯族逃往中國。[13],对中亚地区接下来的民族划界以及5个加盟共和国成立起到了重要影响。

参考文献

  1. ^ In Union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands with July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
  2. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib. Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. 1999: 12 [2019-10-16]. ISBN 9781558761551. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16) (英语). 
  3. ^ Supporters of Habibullah had fought in alliance with such films only in northern Afghanistan
  4. ^ Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia, Michael Rywkin, page 35
  5. ^ Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR, By Bohdan Nahaylo,Victor Swoboda, p. 40, 1990.
  6. ^ Krivosheev, Grigori (Ed.), Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, p. 43, London: Greenhill Books, 1997.
  7. ^ General-Lieutenant G.F.KRIVOSHEYEV. SOVIET ARMED FORCES LOSSES IN WARS,COMBAT OPERATIONS MILITARY CONFLICTS (PDF). MOSCOW MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE: 56. 1993 [2015-06-21]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-11-02). 
  8. ^ Uzbekistan, By Thomas R McCray, Charles F Gritzner, pg. 30, 2004, ISBN 1438105517.
  9. ^ Martha B. Olcott, The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918-24, 355.
  10. ^ Baberowski and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel 2009,第202頁.
  11. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib. Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. 1999: 128 [2019-10-16]. ISBN 9781558761551. (原始内容存档于2020-04-06) (英语). 
  12. ^ 存档副本. [2010-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  13. ^ 庄沐杨. 现代化进程中的身份认同:哈萨克语的拉丁化运动. 澎湃新闻. [2017-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 

延伸閲讀

  • Marie Broxup: The Basmachi. Central Asian Survey, Vol. 2 (1983), No. 1, pp. 57–81.
  • Marco Buttino: "Ethnicité et politique dans la guerre civile: à propos du 'basmačestvo' au Fergana", 'Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, Vol. 38, No. 1–2, (1997)
  • Sir Olaf Caroe: Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism 2nd ed., London, Macmillan (1967) ISBN 0-312-74795-0
  • Joseph Castagné. Les Basmatchis: le mouvement national des indigènes d'Asie Centrale depuis la Révolution d'octobre 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1924. Paris: Éditions E. Leroux, 1925.
  • Mustafa Chokay: "The Basmachi Movement in Turkestan", The Asiatic Review Vol.XXIV (1928)
  • Pavel Gusterin: История Ибрагим-бека. Басмачество одного курбаши с его слов. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. — 60 с. — ISBN 978-3-659-13813-3.
  • Б. В. Лунин: Басмачество Tashkent (1984)
  • Glenda Fraser: "Basmachi (parts I and II)", Central Asian Survey, Vol. 6 (1987), No. 1, pp. 1–73, and No.2, pp. 7–42.
  • Baymirza Hayit: Basmatschi. Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934. Köln, Dreisam-Verlag (1993)
  • M. Holdsworth: "Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1940", Soviet Studies, Vol. 3 (1952), No. 3, pp. 258–277.
  • Alexander Marshall: "Turkfront: Frunze and the Development of Soviet Counter-insurgency in Central Asia" in Tom Everett-Heath (Ed.) "Central Asia. Aspects of Transition", RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2003; ISBN 0-7007-0956-8 (cloth) ISBN 0-7007-0957-6 (pbk.)
  • Яков Нальский: В горах Восточной Бухары. (Повесть по воспоминаниям сотрудников КГБ) Dushanbe (1984)
  • Martha B. Olcott: "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan 1918-24", Soviet Studies, Vol. 33 (1981), No. 3, pp. 352–369.
  • Hasan B. Paksoy, "BASMACHI": Turkish National Liberation Movement 1916–1930s,页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union (FL: Academic International Press) 1991, Vol. 4, pp. 5–20.
  • Zeki Velidi Togan, [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Memoirs.
  • Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan Marwat: The Basmachi movement in Soviet Central Asia: A study in political development., Peshawar, Emjay Books International (1985)
  • Prof. Zeki Velidi Togan, Memoirs: National Existence and Cultural Struggles of Turkistan and Other Muslim Eastern Turks (2011) Full Text translation from the 1969 original. Translated by Paksoy. [2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Х. Турсунов: Восстание 1916 Года в Средней Азии и Казахстане. Tashkent (1962)

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