克拉科夫原为瓦维尔山上的一座小村庄,后逐渐崛起。根据中世纪安达卢斯商人易卜拉欣·伊本·雅库布(Ibrahim Ibn Yakoub)的记载,早在985年,这里已经成为中欧繁荣的贸易中心。[3]1795年第三次瓜分波兰后归属奥地利帝国统治,随着1918年波兰第二共和国的成立,以及20世纪大学及其他文化场所的建设热潮,克拉科夫再次确立了其国家主要文化中心的地位。2022年,克拉科夫人口为800,653人,另有约800万人居住在距市中心100公里范围内。[5]
1939年12月起,当局将城中的犹太人大规模驱逐到乡村地区。1941年3月,纳粹当局开始将仍然留在城中的犹太人全部送入克拉科夫猶太人區,区内的许多犹太人或者病死,或者饿死。起初,犹太人区是相对开放的,犹太人可以自由进出。但随着时间的推移,纳粹当局全面切断了犹太人区与外界的连结,安全措施也更加严密。1941年秋天,党卫队制定了“通过劳动灭绝(英语:Extermination through labour)”的计划,这进一步恶化了区内犹太人的处境。[68]后来,犹太人区居民或在区内被直接屠杀,或被送入贝乌热茨灭绝营、普瓦舒夫集中营、奥斯威辛集中营等集中营。[69]1942年6月至9月间,克拉科夫大区的犹太人被大规模送入集中营屠杀,其中对克拉科夫犹太人的遣送发生在1942年6月的第一周。[65]1943年3月,犹太人区被彻底清空,克拉科夫犹太社区自此成为历史。[70]
^Maria Prussak, Adam Mickiewicz Institute, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: Stanisław Wyspiański.. [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-30).
^Wood, Nathaniel D. Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 2010: 272. ISBN 978-0-87580-422-4.
^(波蘭語)Bohdan Urbankowski, Bohdan Urbankowski. Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist). Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997. 1997: 171–172. ISBN 978-83-7001-914-3.
^Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "Gazeta Wyborcza") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943. [2007-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-08).
^Twardosz, Robert; Niedźwiedź, Tadeusz; Łupikasza, Ewa. The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland). Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2011-05-01, 104 (1): 233–250. Bibcode:2011ThApC.104..233T. ISSN 1434-4483. doi:10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5(英语).
^Miesięczna suma opadu. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-09) (波兰语).
^Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm. Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (波兰语).
^Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h). Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-15) (波兰语).
^Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities. 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. [2008-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-28).
Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. ISBN0-7201-2231-7.
Edward Hartwig, Kraków, with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. ISBN83-217-2321-7.
Bolesław T. Łaszewski, Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the University of Michigan), 132 pages. ISBN0-912757-08-6
Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, Kraków: The Guide. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. ISBN83-87037-28-1.
Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, Krakow. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. ISBN1-84306-308-5. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
Scott Simpson, Krakow. Published 2003 by Thomas Cook Publishing, 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. ISBN1-84157-187-3.
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Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengga…
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Cambridge City Council election Map of the results The 2008 Cambridge City Council election took place on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Cambridge City Council in England.[1] This was on the same day as other nationwide local elections. Results summary 2008 Cambridge City Council election Party This election Full council This election Seats Net Seats % Other Total Total % Votes Votes % +/− Liberal Democrats 8 1 57.1 20 28 66.7 9,718 32.8 -0.3 Labour 3 2 21.…
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American mixed martial arts fighter Not to be confused with Joe Stephenson. This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Joe StevensonBornJo…
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Federal electoral agency of Mexico This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Instituto Nacional Electoral – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Instituto Nacional ElectoralAbbreviationINEFormation1990 (as Instituto Federal Electoral) 2014 (a…
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori argentini è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento calciatori argentini non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Nicolás Bertochi…