^Alan Weaving; Mike Picker; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn. Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. New Holland Publishers, Ltd. 2003. ISBN 1-86872-713-0.
^Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. 1977. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.
^Rolf G. Beutela, Ignacio Riberab, Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emondsa; A genus-level supertree of Adephaga (Coleoptera) Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 7 (2008) 255-269
^Hebert, Paul D. N; Cywinska, Alina; Ball, Shelley L.; deWaard, Jeremy R. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2003-02-07, 270 (1512): 313–321. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2218.