了解睡眠时大脑不同部位的活动可以为睡眠的功能提供线索。 已经观察到,在睡眠的各个阶段都存在心理活动,尽管这些活动来自大脑的不同区域。 因此,与普遍的理解相反,大脑在睡眠期间从未完全关闭。 此外,睡眠强度的特定区域是自我平衡的相应数量的活动之前,睡眠。[59][60] 使用像 PET,fMRI 和 MEG 这样的成像方式,结合脑电图记录,提供了一个线索,哪些大脑区域参与创建特征波信号,以及它们的功能可能是什么。[61]
阶段模型的历史发展
1937年,阿尔弗莱德·李·卢米斯和他的同事首次描述了睡眠的各个阶段,他们将睡眠的不同脑电图(EEG)特征分为五个层次(a 到 E) ,代表了从清醒到深度睡眠的范围。[62] 1953年,人们发现快速眼动睡眠是截然不同的,因此威廉·德门特和纳瑟尼尔·克莱特曼将睡眠重新分为非快速眼动睡眠和快速眼动睡眠。[21] 分期标准在1968年由 Allan Rechtschaffen 和 Anthony Kales 在“ R & K 睡眠评分手册”中标准化[63][64]
在 R & K 标准中,非快速眼动睡眠分为四个阶段,慢波睡眠包括第三和第四阶段。 在第三阶段,三角洲波占总波型的比例不到50% ,而在第四阶段,三角洲波占总波型的比例超过50% 。 此外,REM 睡眠有时被称为阶段5。 2004年,AASM 委托 AASM 视觉评分工作组审查 R & K 评分系统。 审查导致了几个变化,最重要的是阶段3和4进入阶段 N3的组合。 修订后的评分在2007年作为睡眠和相关事件评分的 AASM 手册出版。[65] 唤醒,呼吸,心脏和运动事件也被添加。[66][67]
非快速眼动睡眠活动
非快速眼动睡眠拥有属性全球和区域脑血流量减少。 它占成年人所有睡眠的80% 。[68] 最初,人们认为与觉醒有关的脑干是不活跃的,但后来发现这是由于 PET 研究的低分辨率造成的,结果显示脑干中也有一些慢波活动。 然而,大脑的其他部分,包括楔前叶、基底前脑和基底神经节在睡眠期间是失活的。 大脑皮层的许多区域也是不活跃的,但是活跃程度不同。 例如,腹内侧脑前额叶外皮被认为是最不活跃的区域,而初级皮质是最不活跃的。[25][69]
这一阶段的拥有属性是至少存在20% 的 δ 波,频率范围为0.5 -2 Hz,峰值到峰值的振幅 > 75μV。 (脑电图标准将 δ 波定义为0至4赫兹,但原始 R & K 模型中的睡眠标准(Allan Rechtschaffen 和 Anthony Kales 在“ R & K 睡眠评分手册”中),以及新的2007年 AASM 指南有0.5-2赫兹的范围。[63][64])这个阶段会出现睡眠异常,例如夜惊、夜遗尿、梦游和梦言。 许多插图和描述仍然显示阶段 N3与20-50% 的三角洲波和阶段 N4与大于50% 的三角洲波,这些已被合并为阶段 N3。[74]
REM 睡眠活动
REM 睡眠阶段(REM 睡眠-占成年人总睡眠的20-25%) : REM 睡眠是大多数肌肉瘫痪的地方,心率、呼吸和体温变得不受控制。[77] REM 睡眠被乙酰胆碱的分泌打开,并被分泌单胺(包括5-羟色胺)的神经元所抑制。 REM 也被称为反常睡眠,因为睡眠者虽然表现出类似于清醒状态的高频脑电波,但比其他睡眠阶段更难唤醒。[75] 生命体征表明,大脑的觉醒和耗氧量高于睡眠者清醒时的水平。[78] 快速眼动睡眠的拥有属性是大脑的高血流量,与清醒状态相当。[79] 事实上,在快速眼动睡眠期间,大脑皮层的许多区域的血流量甚至比清醒时还要多——这包括海马体、颞枕区域、皮层的某些部分和基底前脑。 包括杏仁核在内的边缘和边缘系统是 REM 睡眠期间的其他活跃区域。[79][80] 虽然 REM 睡眠期间的大脑活动与觉醒非常相似,但 REM 睡眠和觉醒的主要区别在于,REM 睡眠期间的觉醒被更有效地抑制了。 这一点,加上大脑中单胺能神经元的实际沉默,可以说是 REM 的特征。[81]
自 20 世纪 00 年代初以来,已经进行了许多研究来记录睡眠不足的影响。 William C. Dement于 1960 年左右开始对 REM 剥夺的研究。他对八个受试者进行了睡眠和梦境研究项目,所有受试者都是男性。在长达 7 天的时间里,他会在参与者每次开始上台时叫醒他们,从而剥夺他们的快速眼动睡眠。他用连接在他们头皮和太阳穴上的小电极来监测这一情况。随着研究的进行,他注意到,他越是剥夺男性的快速眼动睡眠,他就越需要频繁地叫醒他们。之后,他们表现出比平时更多的快速眼动睡眠,后来被称为快速眼动睡眠反弹。 [147][148]
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