自約1990年代後期起,對情緒的研究有所增加,其中包括心理學、醫學、史學、情緒社會學(英語:Sociology of emotions)和計算機科學等許多領域。試圖解釋情緒的起源、功能和其他方面的眾多理論促進了對該主題的更深入的研究。當前情緒概念的研究領域包括刺激和引發情緒的材料的開發。此外,正子斷層造影掃描和功能性磁振造影掃描有助於研究大腦中的情感圖像(英語:affective picture)過程。[8]
^Panksepp, Jaak. Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions [Reprint]. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. 2005: 9. ISBN 978-0195096736. Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment
^Ekman, Paul; Davidson, Richard J. The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions. New York: Oxford University Press. 1994: 291–293. ISBN 978-0195089448. Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.
^Cabanac, Michel. What is emotion?. Behavioural Processes. 2002, 60 (2): 69–83. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5. There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. [...] I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).
^Scherer, K.R. What are emotions? And how can they be measured?. Social Science Information. 2005, 44: 693–727.
^Mascolo, M. F., Fischer, K. W.,& Li, J. (2003). Dynamic development of component system of emotions: Pride,shame, and guilt in China and the United States. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 375-408). New York: Oxford University Press.
^Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691-712.
^Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
^Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 20-24). New York: Oxford University Press.
^Darwin, C. A. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
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^Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognitive and Emotions, 13, 505-521.
^See Philip Fisher (1999) Wonder, The Rainbow and the Aesthetics of Rare Experiences for an introduction
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^LeDoux J.E. (1996) The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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^Laird, James, Feelings: the Perception of Self, Oxford University Press
^Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4), 106-124.
^Levenson, R. W. (1994). The search for autonomic specificity. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 252-257). New York : Oxford University Press.
^Gray, J. A. (1994). Three fundamental emotion systems. In P. Ekman & R.J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp.243-247). New York: Oxford University Press.
^Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes between emotions. Science, 221, 1208-1210.
^Lövheim H. A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters. Med Hypotheses (2011), Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.016PMID 22153577
^Kringelbach, M.L.; O'Doherty, J.O.; Rolls, E.T.; & Andrews, C. (2003). Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 1064–1071.
^Drake, R.A. (1987). Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect. Acta Psychologica, 65, 91–99.
^Merckelbach, H.; & van Oppen, P. (1989). Effects of gaze manipulation on subjective evaluation of neutral and phobia-relevant stimuli: A comment on Drake's (1987) 'Effects of gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments: Hemisphere priming of affect.' Acta Psychologica, 70, 147–151.
^Harmon-Jones, E.; Vaughn-Scott, K.; Mohr, S.; Sigelman, J.; & Harmon-Jones, C. (2004). The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity. Emotion, 4, 95–101.
^LeDoux,J. E. (1992). Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. ‘’Current Opinion in Neurobiology’’, 2, 191-198.
^Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D.,& O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
^Mascolo, M. F., Fischer, K. W., & Li,J. (2003). Dynamic development of component system of emotions: Pride, shame, and guilt in China and the United States. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 375-408). New York: Oxford University Press.
^Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. In Clark, M. S. (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, pp. 231-251. Sage: Thousand Oaks.
^Saarni, C. (1997). Coping with aversive feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 45-63.
^Smith, A. C., III, & Kleinman, S. (1989). Managing emotions in medical school: Students’ contacts with the living and the dead. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 56-69.
^Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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