《欲望主體:二十世紀法國的黑格爾主義反思》(Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France)是巴特勒博士論文,主要探討法國哲學對黑格爾《精神現象學》的繼受,其中一一討論諸如苦惱意識、主奴辯證、精神體現等概念。並批評了黑格爾男人化、成長小說式的辯證旅程,認為要超越黑格爾浪漫的辯證法,需要透過戲仿式的手法,例如德希達在〈深坑與金字塔〉透過「延異」對黑格爾意義理論進行批判,或傅柯〈尼采、系譜學、歷史〉中,將權力視為生成性而非禁制性的。巴特勒在結尾中,藉由引述傅柯和克里斯蒂娃,指出黑格爾的欲望論述,必須讓位給關於身體的具體歷史討論。這本著作提出的觀點對後來的《性別惑亂》和《身體之重》中獲得發展。[18]
述行與性別建制(1988)
在〈述行與性別建制:現象學與女性主義的一篇論文〉(Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory)一文中,巴特勒提出「性別即述行(gender is performative)」,因為性別認同通過行動確立,有通過差異行動建構差異性別的可能性。[19]
性別惑亂(1990)
《性別惑亂:女性主義與認同顛覆》(Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity)跨國銷量超過十萬冊[20]。其中一一討論了佛洛伊德、西蒙波娃、克里斯蒂娃、拉岡、伊瑞葛來、維蒂格、德希達與傅柯的著作[21]。其中巴特勒批判女性主義所使用的性/性別概念[22],即企圖將「女人」製造為一個具有共同特徵之離散、去歷史化團體,這種取徑強化了性別關係的二元論。巴特勒認為女性主義不應試圖爭辯「女人」的定義,而應該「專注於說明權力的效應,及其如何形塑我們的女人觀,不只在鉅觀社會中,也必須在女性主義運動中。」[23]最後,巴特勒試圖破壞性/性別中間的斜槓,使性別和欲望能夠「靈活流動,而非取決於其他穩固因素」。她于该书提出的认同是流動自由的概念以及性別作是表演性的而非本質,一直是酷兒理論的根基之一。
擬態與性別不服從(1991)
〈擬態與性別不服從〉(Imitation and Gender Insubordination)收錄在《暗櫃裡/外:蕾絲邊與同志理論( Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories)》,這是一本同志理論家的著作合集。巴特勒認為蕾絲邊和同志這些詞彙並未提供淺白的啟示,但這有政治必要性。[24]巴特勒指出使用「遊戲/述行、扮裝與擬態來形塑性別與性特質的形,其作為持續創造的主體性,總是具有因為無述行而解體的風險」。[25]
身體之重(1993)
《身體之重:論性的論述界限》(Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex")旨在釐清文本,並糾正將述行論說成性/別形構是一種日常選擇的誤讀。[26]巴特勒引用德希達的重述性(iterability)理論,強調重複在述形理論中的角色是一種援引形式:
在巴特勒關於間性人及其議題的討論中,巴特勒談到大衛雷默(David Reimer)的案例,他在八個月大時進行了一次惡劣的包皮切除術,而後被醫生「做(made)」為女性,在醫學上將其性別從男性「重新指派」為女性。後來卻又被指認為「真實」男性,結婚並成為他妻子三個小孩的繼父,並被他與約翰柯拉比(John Colapinto)多書寫在《天作男人:作為女孩撫養的男孩(Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl)》中。雷默在2004年自殺。[34]
對拼裝述行論的一個註釋(2015)
在《對拼裝述行論的註釋》(Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly)中,巴特勒討論集結政治的權力,考慮其有何意義與如何運作[35]。他使用此框架來分析保衛的權力和可能性,例如2014麥克爾布朗和艾瑞克迦納之死相關的「黑人的命也是命」運動。
出版物(不完整)
2012: Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism : ISBN 0-231-14610-8
2011: The Question of Gender : Joan W. Scott's critical feminism : ISBN 0-253-35636-9
^Derek Wai Ming Barker, "Judith Butler's Postmodern Antigone," in Tragedy and Citizenship: Conflict, Reconciliation, and Democracy from Haemon to Hegel, p. 119, SUNY Press, 2009, ISBN 0791476294
^ 8.08.1Ferber, Alona (September 22, 2020). "Judith Butler on the culture wars, JK Rowling and living in 'anti-intellectual times (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)'". New Statesman. Retrieved September 27, 2020. Many people who were assigned “female” at birth never felt at home with that assignment, and those people (including me) tell all of us something important about the constraints of traditional gender norms for many who fall outside its terms. ... *Judith Butler goes by she or they
^Kathryn Fischer (July 13, 2020). "The Pronoun is free from the Body - but it is not free from Gender (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Das Pronomen ist frei vom Körper - aber es ist nicht frei vom Geschlecht)". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved December 24, 2021. Which pronoun do I prefer? Butler laughs ... . 'It is they', Butler says ... . It is the year 2020, and Butler outs theirself as "they" - a truly historic moment. (Welches Pronomen bevorzuge ich? Butler lacht .. . 'Es ist they', sagt Butler ... . Wir haben das Jahr 2020 und Butler outet sich als "they" - ein wahrhaft historischer Moment.)
^Butler, Judith. "The Charge of Anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel, and the Risks of Public Critique. Wrestling with Zionism: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Ed. Tony Kushner and Alisa Solonmon. New York: Grove, 2003. pp. 249–265.
^Loizidou, Elena (April 11, 2007). Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, Politics. p. 1. doi:10.4324/9780203945186. ISBN 978-0-203-94518-6.
^Direk, Zeynep (June 15, 2020). "4. Different Ontologies in Queer Theory (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Ontologies of Sex: Philosophy in Sexual Politics. Reframing the boundaries. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-78660-664-8. OCLC 1122448218.
^Judith Butler (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Oxford reference Online Premium. January 2010. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-953291-9.
^For example, Jeffreys, Sheila (September–October 1994). "The queer disappearance of lesbians: Sexuality in the academy". Women's Studies International Forum. 17 (5): 459–472. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(94)00051-4
^Butler, Judith (1993). Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex". New York: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-415-90365-3.
^Jagger, Gill (2008). Judith Butler: Sexual politics, social change and the power of the performative. New York: Routledge. pp. 115–8. ISBN 978-0-415-21975-4. LCCN 2007032458. OL 10187608M.
^Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. pp. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-91588-5. Similarly, MacKinnon's appeal to the state to construe pornography as performative speech and, hence, as the injurious conduct of representation, does not settle the theoretical question of the relation between representation and conduct, but collapses the distinction in order to enhance the power of state intervention over graphic sexual representation.
^Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. pp. 129–33. ISBN 978-0-415-91588-5.
^For example, Foucault, Michel (1990) [1976]. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vol 1. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage. p. 23. A censorship of sex? There was installed [since the 17th century] rather an apparatus for producing an ever greater quantity of discourse about sex, capable of functioning and taking effect in its very economy.
^Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-91588-5.
^Butler, Judith (2004). Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge
^Colapinto, J (June 3, 2004). "Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide?". Slate. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^Butler, Judith (2015). Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-49556-2.