副乾酪乳桿菌

副乾酪乳桿菌
科学分类 编辑
域: 细菌域 Bacteria
门: 芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota
纲: 芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli
目: 乳杆菌目 Lactobacillales
科: 乳杆菌科 Lactobacillaceae
属: 乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus
种:
副乾酪乳桿菌 L. paracasei
二名法
Lactobacillus paracasei
Collins, Phillips & Zanoni, 1989

副乾酪乳桿菌(學名:Lactobacillus paracasei),常以其縮寫稱呼為LP菌,是一種革蘭氏陽性菌乳桿菌屬中的一菌種。 為常見的益生菌。副乾酪乳桿菌以偏利共生形式運作。常見於與人類相關的棲息地,包括人體內的腸道、口腔,以至人體外的糞渠、青貯飼料及前述的奶製品[1]。正如「乳桿菌」這名字所指,本菌種有著與芽孢桿菌屬相似的桿狀形態,寬約2.0到4.0μm,長約0.8到1.0μm。

1989年,透過DNA-DNA分子交雜法日语DNA-DNA分子交雑法的結果,科學家將NCDO 151(=ATCC 25302)菌株從乾酪乳桿菌分離出來[2]。 現時,科學家從不同的環境中分離出34種不同的菌株,當中有16種是從奶製品分離出來,10種從植物分離出來,8種從人類或其他動物的消化道分離出來[3]。副乾酪乳桿菌在進入體外胃腸道運轉(GIT)試驗前,如經過長時間的冷藏,對於菌株的細胞耐受力並不會造成影響。[4]本物種無論是從基因型或從表型都難以從其他諸如乾酪乳桿菌鼠李糖乳桿菌英语Lactobacillus rhamnosusLactobacillus rhamnosus英语Lactobacillus rhamnosus)等其他物種分辨過來[5]。然而,科學家還是可以透過這些菌的發酵譜來將之分辨開來[6]。本菌種專門用於生物食品處理程序,以及用於製作營養補充劑,特別是幫助有消化道不適的病患[7]

儘管益生菌被認為是安全的,但它們可能引起細菌與宿主的相互作用以及對健康的不利影響。在某些情況下,使用益生菌可能會導致菌血症[8][9]。現時尚未確定益生菌療法的益生菌菌株、使用頻率、劑量和持續時間之間的關係[8]

生理学

副乾酪乳桿菌在生理学屬於革蘭氏陽性菌,兼性異發酵,非芽孢形成的微生物[10]。副乾酪乳桿菌的細胞通常為桿棒狀,大小範圍為寬度2.0μm至4.0μm,長度0.8至1.0μm[5]。這種生物體是不運動的。副乾酪乳桿菌細胞通常具有方形末端,並且可以單一形式或鏈狀存在[5]

副乾酪乳桿菌的最佳生長溫度範圍是 在10至37°C[11]。當溫度超過40°C,乳桿菌就不會再生長。然而,即使在最高溫度72°C下,乳桿菌仍然可存活約40秒[5]。由於副乾酪乳桿菌是兼性英语facultative異發酵的:大多數菌株會產生乳酸。

副乾酪乳桿菌是正常人類腸道菌群英语microbiota的一部分[12][13]。副乾酪乳桿菌無論是在人類胃腸道或一般的植物,均為其常見的棲所[10]。天然發酵的蔬菜、牛奶和肉也類可能含有副乾酪乳桿菌[14]副乾酪乳桿菌在冷藏(4 °C)下儲存,明顯比儲存在非冷藏環境下(22°C)有較高的存活能力。[15]將益菌冷凍保存在攝氏零下 -20 度C和 -70 度C下,對益菌生存力的不利影響比儲存在攝氏 7 度C下要少得多。[16]副乾酪乳桿菌8700:2菌株已從健康的人的胃腸道黏膜和糞便中分離出來[12]。8700:2菌株可分解果寡糖菊粉,而菌株同時可在兩者上快速生長並產生乳酸作為最終產物[13]

系統發生學

副乾酪乳桿菌屬於細菌界,它是厚壁菌門芽孢桿菌綱乳桿菌目乳桿菌科的物種。[5][17]關於副乾酪乳桿菌(L. paracasei)與乾酪乳桿菌(L. casei)的命名英语nomenclature爭論非常激烈,因為資料庫中這兩種菌株許多有用的序列資料被錯誤標記。[3]1989年,有人提議將副乾酪乳桿菌指定為一個亞種(paracasei),以表明兩個物種為DNA同源[5]如此代表它們的名字在科學文獻中可以互換使用。[3]16S 核糖體RNA序列同源性證實了這些物種之間的相關性,[5]但核心基因組系統發育證實了幾個密切相關的物種Lc. casei、Lc. paracasei、Lc. rhamnosus(鼠李糖乳桿菌英语Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)與Lc. zeae(玉米乳桿菌)其實是不同的物種。[17][18]

從歷史上看,副乾酪乳桿菌與其他乳酸桿菌之間的差異是基於生化特性。乾酪乳桿菌、副乾酪乳桿菌和鼠李糖乳桿菌之間有大約90%的序列同一性。[3]但是,有一些區分標準通常用於區分它們。這些差異標準包括營養需求和生長環境。[3]已發現副乾酪乳桿菌與其他乳桿菌有特定差異,因為它具有一定的耐熱性,在成熟的奶酪中生長良好,並且具有高蛋白酶解活性。[12]

基因組學

副乾酪乳桿菌的基因組包含環狀DNA,並且在分離的不同菌株之間略有不同。平均而言,基因組有2.9至3.0百萬個鹼基對(通常縮寫為Mb)。它的GC含量在46.2%到46.6%之間,預計編碼大約2800到3100個蛋白質。[19]這些菌株的基因組差異在於不同的細胞外膜英语Cell envelope分泌蛋白英语Secretory protein多醣。許多常見的編碼蛋白質是細胞表面相關的細胞壁水解酶,可保護細胞免於凋亡。這些酶已被證明可為人類上皮組織細胞提供細胞保護。[3]

使用多位點序列分型(MLST)和擴增片段長度多態性英语Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)可評估不同副乾酪乳桿菌基因組的遺傳多樣性。MLST是一種通過使用生物體必需基因的DNA片段對微生物進行分類的技術。[20]AFLP是一種聚合酶連鎖反應(PCR)工具,用於DNA分析,使用限制酶配體擴增所需的DNA片段。[21]

醫學和臨床研究

副乾酪乳桿菌已被鑑定為具有益生菌性質的細菌[1][12]

過敏性呼吸道疾病(過敏性鼻炎、結膜炎與氣喘)

副乾酪乳桿菌LP-33菌株治療過敏性鼻炎提供了有益的臨床和免疫學作用的重要證據。[22][23]

副乾酪乳桿菌BRAP01菌株 是誘導台灣個體產生γ-干擾素 (IFN-γ)/介白素-10(IL-10) 的主要菌株。 [24]

副乾酪乳桿菌 HB89菌株 可減輕「細懸浮微粒( PM 2.5)」刺激的呼吸道過敏。 [25]

對於過敏性鼻炎(AR),每日口服100億以上菌數(1x1010CFU)的副乾酪乳桿菌(食用前均保存於4°C中)並持續食用8週的時間,可改善鼻搔癢(AR的關鍵臨床特徵)並減少促發炎介質 IL-5 分泌。 [26]

異位性皮膚炎、蕁麻疹

口服副乾酪乳桿菌KBL382菌株可顯著減少與 異位性皮膚炎(AD) 相關的皮膚損傷、表皮增厚、免疫球蛋白 E 的血清水平和免疫細胞浸潤。 [27]

流行性感冒

口服熱滅活的 副乾酪乳桿菌MoLac-1菌株增加了脾臟中 NK 細胞的比例,並改善了小鼠 流行性感冒病毒(IFV) 感染的症狀。 [28]

普通感冒

副乾酪乳桿菌MCC1849菌株 有可能提高易感受試者對普通感冒感染的抵抗力,並保持理想的情緒狀態,即使在精神壓力條件下也是如此。 [29]

新型冠狀病毒感染

副乾酪乳桿菌DG 菌株顯著誘導了參與保護性抗病毒免疫的基因表達,並阻止了由 SARS-CoV-2 感染引發的促炎基因的表達。 [30]

發炎性腸道疾病

包含副乾酪乳桿菌的活菌製劑可與常規療法結合使用,以治療潰瘍性結腸炎[31]。 副乾酪乳桿菌的D3-5菌株經過「熱殺」(heat killed)後,其細胞壁會析出脂磷壁酸,可改善實驗鼠與衰老相關的腸道滲出、炎症,並改善其身體和認知功能[32]

齲齒

除了各種和消化道相關的病變,2011年,副乾酪乳桿菌首次用於預防龋齿。這是因為副乾酪乳桿菌能夠識別變形鏈球菌德语Streptococcus mutans,使其附著並導致結塊,而變形鏈球菌因此無法再附著在牙齒上,而會被唾液沖洗掉或在刷牙時被除去[33]

腹瀉

副乾酪乳桿菌已被證明可抑制大腸桿菌细菌活性,而大腸桿菌是引致腹瀉的常見菌種,因此副乾酪乳桿菌被應用於治療腹瀉[34]。包含副乾酪乳桿菌的活菌製劑可與常規療法結合使用,以治療溃疡性结肠炎[31]。一項系統綜述為副乾酪乳桿菌LP-33菌株治療變應性鼻炎提供了有益的臨床和免疫學作用的重要證據。[22]

幽門螺旋桿菌感染

副乾酪乳桿菌顯示出對幽門螺旋桿菌的抑菌和殺菌活性。 [35]

大腸激躁症

副乾酪乳桿菌可減輕胃腸道症狀的嚴重程度,並改善某些大腸激躁症(IBS) 亞型個體的心理健康。 [36]

癌症

胃癌和結腸癌細胞的凋亡和生長易受已熱滅活和有活力的IMPC2.1菌株的影響[1]

健康問題

腸道微生物群的操縱很複雜,可能會導致細菌與宿主的相互作用。儘管益生菌被認為是安全的,但當它們通過口服用藥時,存在活菌從胃腸道進入內臟(細菌易位)和隨後菌血症的風險,這可能導致不利的健康後果。[8]有些人,如免疫功能受損、短腸綜合症、中心靜脈導管、心臟瓣膜疾病和早產兒,可能面臨更高的不良事件風險。[9]

目前,益生菌治療的益生菌菌株、頻率、劑量和持續時間尚未確定。[8]活菌可能不是必需的,因為益生菌的有益作用似乎是由它們的DNA和分泌的可溶性因子介導的,其治療效果可以通過全身給藥而不是口服給藥來獲得。[8][37]

歷史

乳酸菌Lactic Acid Bacteria;一般縮寫作LAB)是在1900年代初進行分類和分組的。牠們受到注意,主要是由於科學家觀察到這些細菌在不同食品(尤其是乳製品)中的相互作用。1991年,荷蘭微生物學家马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克從之前已知的LAB組中分離出了革蘭氏陽性細菌,就是乳酸桿菌[38]。 副乾酪乳桿菌最近已被歸類為乾酪乳桿菌益生菌群組的成員[1]。但是,在生物分类学上,其具體位置並不明確。1996年,Dicks, Duplessis, Dellaglio & Lauer提出副乾酪乳桿菌 並不是一個獨立的物種[5]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Orlando, A.; Refolo, M. G.; Messa, C.; Amati, L.; Lavermicocca, P.; Guerra, V.; Russo, F. Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects of Viable or Heat-Killed IMPC2.1 and GG in HGC-27 Gastric and DLD-1 Colon Cell Lines. Nutrition and Cancer. 2012-10, 64 (7): 1103–1111. doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.717676 (英语). 
  2. ^ Matthew D. Collins, Brian A. Phillips, Paolo Zanoni. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov.. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiolog. 1989, 39: 105–108. doi:10.1099/00207713-39-2-105. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Smokvina, Tamara; Wels, Michiel; Polka, Justyna; Chervaux, Christian; Brisse, Sylvain; Boekhorst, Jos; Vlieg, Johan E. T. van Hylckama; Siezen, Roland J.; Highlander, Sarah K. Lactobacillus paracasei Comparative Genomics: Towards Species Pan-Genome Definition and Exploitation of Diversity. PLoS ONE. 19 July 2013, 8 (7): e68731. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868731S. PMC 3716772可免费查阅. PMID 23894338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068731. 
  4. ^ José Fernandes Lemos Junior, Wilson; Fioravante Guerra, André; Tarrah, Armin; Silva Duarte, Vinícius da; Giacomini, Alessio; Luchese, Rosa Helena; Corich, Viviana. Safety and Stability of Two Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains After In Vitro Gastrointestinal Transit. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. June 2020, 12 (2): 657–666. ISSN 1867-1306. PMID 31214943. doi:10.1007/s12602-019-09565-2 (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 COLLINS, M. D.; PHILLIPS, B. A.; ZANONI, P. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov.. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1989-04-01, 39 (2): 105–108. doi:10.1099/00207713-39-2-105可免费查阅 (英语). 
  6. ^ Ward, L. J. H.; Timmins, M. J. Differentiation of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus by polymerase chain reaction. Letters in Applied Microbiology. August 1999, 29 (2): 90–92. PMID 10499296. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00586.x可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Felten, A; Barreau, C; Bizet, C; Lagrange, PH; Philippon, A. Lactobacillus species identification, H2O2 production, and antibiotic resistance and correlation with human clinical status. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999-03, 37 (3): 729–33. PMC 84537可免费查阅. PMID 9986841. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.3.729-733.1999 (英语). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF. Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new.. World J Gastroenterol (Review). 2016, 22 (7): 2179–94. PMC 4734995可免费查阅. PMID 26900283. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Doron S, Snydman DR. Risk and safety of probiotics.. Clin Infect Dis (Review). 2015,. 60 Suppl 2: S129–34. PMC 4490230可免费查阅. PMID 25922398. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 HESSLE; HANSON; WOLD. Lactobacilli from human gastrointestinal mucosa are strong stimulators of IL-12 production. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1999-05, 116 (2): 276–282. PMC 1905267可免费查阅. PMID 10337019. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00885.x (英语). 
  11. ^ Rogan, WJ; Gladen, BC; Hung, KL; Koong, SL; Shih, LY; Taylor, JS; Wu, YC; Yang, D; Ragan, NB; Hsu, CC. Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan. Science. 1988-07-15, 241 (4863): 334–6. Bibcode:1988Sci...241..334R. PMID 3133768. doi:10.1126/science.3133768. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Molin, G.; Jeppsson, B.; Johansson, M.-L.; Ahrné, S.; Nobaek, S.; Ståhl, M.; Bengmark, S. Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated with healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. March 1993, 74 (3): 314–323. PMID 8468264. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03031.x. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Makras, L.; Van Acker, G.; De Vuyst, L. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 Degrades Inulin-Type Fructans Exhibiting Different Degrees of Polymerization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2005-11-03, 71 (11): 6531–6537. PMC 1287650可免费查阅. PMID 16269678. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6531-6537.2005 (英语). 
  14. ^ Lavermicocca, P. Lactobacillus paracasei-enriched vegetables containing health promoting molecules.. Elsevier Inc. 2015: 361–370. ISBN 9780128023716. 
  15. ^ Jofré, A.; Aymerich, T.; Garriga, M. Impact of different cryoprotectants on the survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei/paracasei during long-term storage. Beneficial Microbes. 2014-11-06, 6 (3): 381–6. ISSN 1876-2883. PMID 25380798. doi:10.3920/BM2014.0038 (英语). 
  16. ^ Juárez Tomás, María Silvina; Soledad Ocaña, Virginia; Nader-Macías, María Elena. Viability of vaginal probiotic lactobacilli during refrigerated and frozen storage. Anaerobe. February 2004, 10 (1): 1–5. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 16701493. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.01.002 (英语). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2020, 70 (4): 2782–2858 [2023-01-11]. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 32293557. S2CID 215771564. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. (原始内容存档于2023-01-11). 
  18. ^ Huang, Chien-Hsun; Chen, Chih-Chieh; Liou, Jong-Shian; Lee, Ai-Yun; Blom, Jochen; Lin, Yu-Chun; Huang, Lina; Watanabe, KoichiYR 2020. Genome-based reclassification of Lactobacillus casei: emended classification and description of the species Lactobacillus zeae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2020, 70 (6): 3755–3762. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 32421490. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003969可免费查阅. 
  19. ^ Wuyts, Sander; Wittouck, Stijn; De Boeck, Ilke; Allonsius, Camille N.; Pasolli, Edoardo; Segata, Nicola; Lebeer, Sarah. Large-Scale Phylogenomics of the Lactobacillus casei Group Highlights Taxonomic Inconsistencies and Reveals Novel Clade-Associated Features. mSystems. 2017, 2 (4). PMC 5566788可免费查阅. PMID 28845461. doi:10.1128/msystems.00061-17 (英语). 
  20. ^ Maiden, Martin; Jane Bygraves; Edward Feil. Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 6, 1998, 95 (6): 3140–3145. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.3140M. PMC 19708可免费查阅. PMID 9501229. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140可免费查阅. 
  21. ^ Kumar, Awanish; Anuradha Dube. Amplified fragment length polymorphism: an adept technique for genome mapping, genetic differentiation, and intraspecific variation in protozoan parasites [electronic resource]. Parasitology Research. February 2013, 112 (2): 457–466. PMID 23254590. S2CID 9794144. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3238-6. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Guvenc, I. A.; Muluk, N. Bayar; Mutlu, F. S.; Eski, E.; Altintoprak, N.; Oktemer, T.; Cingi, C. Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis?: A comprehensive systematic review and meta analysis. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2016-07-20, 30 (5): 157–175. ISSN 1945-8932. PMID 27442711. doi:10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4354. 
  23. ^ Wang, Ming-Fuu; Lin, Hsiao-Chuan; Wang, Ying-Yu; Hsu, Ching-Hsiang. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2004-03-30, 15 (2): 152–8. ISSN 0905-6157. PMID 15059192. doi:10.7025/HEJ.200409.0005. 
  24. ^ Ho, Y-H; Huang, Y-T; Lu, Y-C; Lee, S-Y; Tsai, M-F; Hung, S-P; Hsu, T-Y. Effects of gender and age on immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to probiotics: A large scale pilot study. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2016-10-11, 21 (5): 521–526. ISSN 1279-7707. PMID 28448082. doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0818-7. 
  25. ^ Lin, Ching-Hung; Tseng, Chia-Yi; Chao, Ming-Wei. Administration of Lactobacillus paracasei HB89 mitigates PM2.5-induced enhancement of inflammation and allergic airway response in murine asthma model. PLoS One. 2020-12-07, 15 (12): e0243062. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7721166可免费查阅. PMID 33284823. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243062. 
  26. ^ Perrin, Y; Nutten, S; Audran, R; et al. Comparison of two oral probiotic preparations in a randomized crossover trial highlights a potentially beneficial effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 in patients with allergic rhinitis. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 2014-01-06, 4 (1): 1. PMID 24393277. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-1. 
  27. ^ Kim, WK; Jang, YJ; Han, DH; et al. Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 administration attenuates atopic dermatitis by modulating immune response and gut microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2020-11-09, 12 (1): 1–14. ISSN 1949-0976. PMC 7553742可免费查阅. PMID 33016202. doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1819156. 
  28. ^ Iwabuchi, Noriyuki; Yonezawa, Sumiko; Odamaki, Toshitaka; et al. Immunomodulating and anti-infective effects of a novel strain of Lactobacillus paracasei that strongly induces interleukin-12. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology. November 2012, 66 (2): 230–9. ISSN 0928-8244. PMID 22775119. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.01003.x. 
  29. ^ Murata, M; Kondo, J; Iwabuchi, N; et al. Effects of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 supplementation on symptoms of the common cold and mood states in healthy adults. Beneficial Microbes. December 2018, 9 (6): 855–864. ISSN 1876-2883. PMID 30099891. doi:10.3920/BM2017.0197. 
  30. ^ Salaris, Claudio; Scarpa, Melania; Elli, Marina; et al. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DG enhances the lactoferrin anti-SARS-CoV-2 response in Caco-2 cells. Gut microbes. Jan-Dec 2021, 13 (1): 19490976. ISSN 1949-0976. PMC 8354669可免费查阅. PMID 34365895. doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1961970. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Ghouri, Yezaz A; Richards, David M; Rahimi, Erik F; Krill, Joseph T; Jelinek, Katherine A; DuPont, Andrew W. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 9 December 2014, 7: 473–487. PMC 4266241可免费查阅. PMID 25525379. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. 
  32. ^ Wang, Shaohua; Ahmadi, Shokouh; Nagpal, Ravinder; Jain, Shalini; Mishra, Sidharth P.; Kavanagh, Kylie; Zhu, Xuewei; Wang, Zhan; McClain, Donald A.; Kritchevsky, Stephen B.; Kitzman, Dalane W. Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed Lactobacillus paracasei D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions: from C. elegans to mice. GeroScience. 2019-12-08. ISSN 2509-2723. PMC 7031475可免费查阅. doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00137-4 (英语). 
  33. ^ Anwen Roberts. Biotech: mit Bakterien gegen karies [生物技術:與細菌對抗齲齒] (PDF). Technology Review. 2011-12: 12 [2021-01-05]. (原始内容 (PDF (77 kB))存档于2021-01-07) (德语). 
  34. ^ Caridi, A. Selection of Escherichia coli-inhibiting strains of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2002, 29 (6): 303–308. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 12483469. doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000300 (英语). 
  35. ^ Saracino, IM; Pavoni, M; Saccomanno, L; et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Probiotic Strains Against Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics. 2020-05-01, 9 (5): 244. ISSN 2079-6382. PMC 7277513可免费查阅. PMID 32403331. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9050244. 
  36. ^ Lewis, Erin D; Antony, Joseph M; Crowley, David C; et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei HA-196 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 in Alleviating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2020-04-21, 12 (4): 1159. ISSN 2072-6643. PMID 32326347. doi:10.3390/nu12041159. 
  37. ^ Dotan I, Rachmilewitz D. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: possible mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Gastroenterol (Review). 2005, 21 (4): 426–30. PMID 15930982. 
  38. ^ Stiles, ME; Holzapfel, WH. Lactic acid bacteria of foods and their current taxonomy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1997-04-29, 36 (1): 1–29. PMID 9168311. doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01233-0 (英语). 

外部連結