云母 (音韻)

云母廣韻次濁喉音聲母,通常擬爲零聲母,或與匣母ɦ)合併,只配三等[1],多爲合口呼或伴隨圓脣主元音的開口呼,也有普通開口字(視作上古的合口音中古時脫落)。

擬音

云母通常擬成零聲母,由於喻三歸匣,在擬早期中古漢語時,有學家將其擬成匣母/ɦ/或/ɣ/。

聲母 高本漢 李方桂 陸志韋 王力 周法高 李榮 邵榮芬 蒲立本 董同龢 鄭張尚芳 潘悟雲 《廣韻》字數
(無) ɣ(ɣʷ) (無) ɣ j ɣ ɣ ɦ ɣ ɦ ɦ 335

反切上字

十五字:羽下薳洧雨爲王有于永韋榮云雲筠[2]

今音

北京音系

  • 云母合口呼今爲零聲母合口呼,常表現出細音[ɥ](漢語拼音:y(u))或洪音[w](漢語拼音:w)类合口半元音,如「永」讀[ɥʊŋ](yǒng);
    北京話中,音節「yóng」、「yǔn」會矯枉過正加入日母成爲「róng」、「rǔn」,爲現代標準漢語吸收;
    云母小韻「胃」轄字「彙」受匣母小韻「瘣」(約同於云母小韻「倄」)轄字「匯」影響而讀做huì。
  • 云母開口呼今比較複雜:
    1. 零聲母開口呼細音,伴隨半元音[j](漢語拼音:y)如「漹」、「尤」、「炎」、「矣」、「有」、「宥」、「曄」等小韻,如「有」讀[jou̯](yǒu);
      例外地,入聲字可能引向合口呼細音,如囿小韻「哊」字;
    2. 曉匣類聲母(洪音h、細音x),如「雄」、「礥」、「鴞」等小韻。
  • 聲母脫落早,聲調按次濁處理(與匣母不同),濁上不變去,除非現代音中出現曉匣類聲母。

漢語音韻史上,云母早於匣母脫落是北方方言「黃匣唐一合平」(huáng)、「王云陽三合平」(*/hyáŋ/→*/ɥáŋ/→[wáŋ]/wáng)不同音的主因,是普通話分宕合一三等的例外情況[3],二字在二母均未脫落的吳語、二母均脫落的粵語同音。

吳語寧波台州溫州等南部沿海方言除外),喻母(云母與以母)整體保留爲[ɦ],區別於影母三等[ʔj],少部分/ɦw/演化爲[v]少部分脫落;然而溫州話有半元音[j]聲母並與零聲母[ʔ]細音對立,卽喻母整體讀如以母,故可認爲除甬台地區外吳語整體保留喻母,溫州影喻匣三分。

沿海閩語白讀音,部分云母字淸化後保留h音,但不規則,沿山閩語少部分字白讀音也有保留。

參見

參閱

韻典網-云母页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

中古早期漢語(切韻音)聲母
全清 次清 全濁 次濁 全清 全濁
唇音
舌音
齿音
牙音
喉音
  1. ^ 一等合口小韻「倄」常視作與匣母小韻「瘣」相同(潘悟雲擬音均爲*/ɦuoi/)。
  2. ^ 聲母及反切上字 - 廣韻 - 韻典網. ytenx.org. [2024-02-27]. 
  3. ^ 相比之下雖同爲見組但清聲母古三等字「況」(*hüàng > kuàng)在普通話中由於聲母未脫落而與古一等字「曠」同音,並未表現出洪細差異。

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