プラスキ砦の戦い(英: Battle of Fort Pulaski)は、南北戦争中のジョージア州サバンナに近いタイビー島の北軍陸軍と海軍の戦隊が、南軍の保持していたプラスキ砦を112日間包囲した後、開戦からほぼ丸1年が経った1862年4月10日から11日に30時間の砲撃を行った後に砦を占領した。この戦闘は、既存の海岸防御地を無用にした革新的パロット砲を使ったことで重要である。北軍は砲火の下で大規模な水陸共同作戦を展開した。
サバンナにあるジャクソン砦は市から約3マイル (5 km) 下流にあり、他に2つの砲台で補われていた。守備兵は砲台船を建造した[26]。リーは先ず、プラスキ砦の背後でサバンナ川に導く航行可能な入り江を見下ろすコーストンの崖上に砲台を置いた。続いてさらに上流のエルバ島に砲台を置き、サバンナへの川からのアプローチを塞いだ。北軍海軍指揮官サミュエル・デュポンはリーの防御体系を上流まで視察した。陸軍のトマス・W・シャーマン将軍がデュポンの推薦に逆らってリーの川の砲台を攻めるよう主張すると、シャーマンは西部戦線に転籍され、代わりにデイビッド・ハンターが指揮官になった。
プラスキ砦の攻撃力を弱めるために必要とされた大口径施条砲が2月に到着し、ギルモアはそれらを砦に最も近いタイビー島の北西端にある砲台に据えることにした[39]。3月までにギルモアは攻城戦に用いる物資をタイビー島に陸揚げさせた。道路を整備し、砲の台座を掘り返し、弾薬庫と防弾柵を造る必要があった。工事は砦に南西から近づく方向で進行したが、最後の1マイル (1.6 km) は砦からの砲撃を受けるようになった。オルムステッド自身が狙いをつけた砲弾が北軍兵1人を2つに切り裂いたと言われている。高さのある砦の大砲から続いた砲撃は臼砲の砲弾の効果があったので、タイビー島での工事は夜の間に行われた。毎朝まだ完成していない攻城武器は、砦から視認されないようカモフラージュされた[54]。
タイビー島に大砲を上陸させるために砲身を輸送船から降ろし、満潮のときに筏に乗せ、波に載せて岸に近づけた。干潮のときに人力だけで海浜に引きずり上げた。砲車に13インチ臼砲を載せるために250人が必要だった。後の北軍による水陸共同作戦では、このような作業にコントラバンド(逃亡奴隷)の労働力が使われた[55]。2.5マイル (4 km) 先の前線では、大砲が湿地に沈まないように、工兵が下ばえの束でできた丸太道をほぼ1マイル (1.6 km) も建設しなければならなかった。荷卸しは潮の干満に合わせて昼夜行われたが、プラスキ砦の南軍から砲撃されるために、北軍の島内の動きは全て夜に限られた[56]。1か月続いた工事の後で。臼砲36門、重砲と施条砲全てが据え付けられた[39]。
^Fort Pulaski under fire April 10–12, 1862. Viewed from northeast, North Channel, Savannah River. Union batteries bombard from Tybee Island. Brick thrown into the air is off the southeast corner of the fort by new Parrott Rifle cannon using percussion projectiles, making 7-foot penetrations.. (Leslie's Weekly Magazine)
^CSS Georgia: Archival Study Swanson, Mark and Robert Holcombe. Jan 31, 2007, p.30. On March 30, 1861, the vessels and crews of the Navy of Georgia were turned over to confederate authorities
^Jones, Charles C., Jr., chief of artillery of the Confederate Department of Georgia “Seizure and reduction of fort Pulaski” article in “The Magazine of American history with notes and queries, Volume 14”, 1885 edited by John Austin Stevens, et al. p. 56. Fort 48 guns of all calibers: five 10-inch and nine 8-inch columbiads unchambered, three 42-pounder and twenty 32-pounder guns, two 24-Blakely rifle guns, one 24-pounder iron howitzer, two 12-pounder bronze howitzers, two 12-inch iron mortars, three 10-inch sea-coast mortars, and one 6-pounder bronze field piece.
^Savannah boasted a roundhouse repair facility. Three railroads at the time of the Civil War were (1) Central of Georgia Railroad, 1843, to cotton center of the state: Macon and Milledgeville; (2) Savannah, Albany and Gulf Railroad to the south central part of Georgia; and (3) the Savannah Charleston Railroad in 1860 (later the "Charleston Savannah Railway"). The value of 38 manufacturing establishments of all kinds totaled near $1 million, more than any other county in the state. CSS Georgia: Archival Study Swanson, Mark and Robert Holcombe. January 31, 2007, p.13
^Pryor, Dayton E. (2009). The Beginning and the End: The Civil War Story of Federal Surrenders Before Ft. Sumter and Confederate Surrenders after Appomattox. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, Inc.. pp. 57. ISBN978-0-7884-2007-8
^Official Records, Army, excerpts. 379 men and officers were assigned to Fort Pulaski, another 1,183 on Tybee Island, 658 on Skidaway Island, and 533 in Savannah’s camps.
^On orders to proceed to Virginia by the Confederate government, General Lawson directed the 1st Georgia Regulars to make transit regardless of protests from the Governor of Georgia. Two 8-inch columbiads from their Tybee Island battery were dismounted and relocated into Fort Pulaski.
^The pre-Civil War militia designation was used by the unit, officially Georgia’s Ninth Volunteer Regiment.
^DAILY CONSTITUTIONALIST, Augusta, GA, May 17, 1861, p. 2, c. 1. The newspaper’s anonymous correspondent at Fort Pulaski was signed “Novissimus”, possibly an officer in the First Georgia Regulars
^Lee’s strategic considerations are outlined in his official correspondence as commanding officer of the department from Savannah on November 29 and December 20 to Confederate Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin, January 29, to General Samuel Cooper, March 1 to General Gen. James H. Trapier, and March 3 to General Alexander Lawton.
^1855 Navigation Chart. City of Savannah (red, left edge). "Old Fort Jackson" (red, center) at the river bend. Fort Pulaski (red, right) on Cockspur Island at river's mouth. North shore of Tybee Island is due east (lower right). The inset extends the map northeast up the coast towards Charleston, S.C. Map shows sailing directions: piloting offshore, finding anchorage, beating over the bar, tides, currents, navigational aides. Click once to the Wikimedia site. Click again for map full screen, click again for magnification to read notes.
^Fort Pulaski – National Monument, National Park Service Historical Handbook Series, “General Lee Returns to Fort Pulaski” (about 1962).
^Official Records, Armies, op.cit. Chap. XV. p. 85, January 29, 1862
^Official Records, Armies, op.cit. Chap. XV. March 1, 1862. p. 403
^Official Records, Armies, op.cit. Chap. XV. March 3, 1862, p. 34
^Porter, David D., “The Naval History of the Civil War” Chapter 9, operations of Admiral Du Pont’s squadron in the sounds of South Carolina. page 83+.
^“Fort McAllister I” National Park Service (nps), Heritage Preservation Services, The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP).
^“アーカイブされたコピー”. 2011年10月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年10月7日閲覧。 | Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia. LAMAR Institute Publication Series, #127, By Daniel T. Elliott., Savannah, Georgia, 2008, p.14
^Brown, David A. "Fort Pulaski: April 1862." The Civil War Battlefield Guide: Second Edition. Edited by Frances H. Kennedy. Goughton Mifflin Company, New York, 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6
^ abcFort Pulaski – National Monument, Historical Handbook, NPS, Op. Cit. “Investment of Fort Pulaski”
^History of the Confederate States navy”, Scharf, John, p. 89. The brig Bonita (also “Bonito”), built in New York in 1853, 276 tons burden. A fast sailer. Formerly engaged in the slave trade, captured on the coast of Africa, taken to Charleston, then Savannah, where she was seized and converted into a Georgia privateer.
^Swanson, M. and Holcombe, R., op.cit. p. 30. Minimal losses were suffered on either side.
^The CSS Sampson, also Samson. The sidewheeler steamboat had been a tugboat prior to purchase by the Confederate Government, 1861.
^Elliott, op.cit. p.9. They were USS Flag, USS Seneca and USS Pocahontas.
^Elliott, Daniel, Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island ... op.cit. p. 14. After early misleadingly optimistic reports, within a few days, Federal reports described the firing as having caused substantial internal damage to the lighthouse, and the lens appeared to have been removed by the evacuating Confederates sometime earlier.
^CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage Following her successful blockade run into Savannah, ownership was transferred to the Confederate government as pre-arranged. Fingal was converted into a casemate ironclad and renamed CSS Atlanta (1862–1863). In her first attack on Union blockaders, she was blocked by obstructions. In the second in spring 1863, Atlanta was met by U.S. monitors Nahant and Weehawken, overwhelmed in a gunnery duel and surrendered. In early 1864, the ship was re-commissioned the USS Atlanta and took up station in the James River supporting Grant’s siege of Richmond.
^For a contemporary narrative of the process, see “chapter V... building batteries on Jones and Bird Islands” in Captain (later Colonel) James M. Nichols memoir, “Perry’s Saints, or the fighting parson’s regiment in the War of Rebellion”. 1886. the 48th New York State Volunteers regimental history from survivor interviews and soldier journals under the command of Methodist minister, Colonel James H. Perry. This regiment would later garrison Fort Pulaski. One of the earliest photographs of baseball is of this regiment playing in the fort yard. See the NPS website photos.
^CSS Georgia: Archival Study Swanson, Mark and Holcombe, Robert. January 31, 2007, p.27, “Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Navy Dept. , Naval Historical Center, online at CSS Savannah
^Fort Pulaski – National Monument, Historical Handbook, NPS, Op. Cit. “Gillmore sets the stage”
^This early in the conflict, it was still a “white man’s war”, and contrabands/freedmen were not yet employed under considerations for slave-holder ‘property’. Victor, op.cit., p.107.
^Battery McClellan (two 42 and 32-pounders, James, 1,620 yards from the work), Battery Totten (four 10-inch siege mortars, 1,685 yards from the works), Battery Sigel (five 30-pounder Parrotts and one 24-pounder James, 1,620 yards from the works), Battery Scott (three 10-inch and one 8-inch columbiads) 1,077 yards from the work, and Battery Halleck (2,400 yards from the work, two 13-inch mortars.)
^Gillmore, Q. A., Op.Cit, 1862, Appendix Tables of battery and gun fire.
^Gillmore’s orders had specified James guns having grooves cleaned every 5–6 rounds fired. NYT, op.cit.
^Anderson, Bern. “By Sea and by River: the naval history of the Civil War” 1962. Reprinted unabridged 1989 Da Capo paperback. ISBN 0-306-80367-4. p. 279-284. Admiral David D. Porter assumed command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 1 October 1864 to assemble fleet (p.278). On December 24–25, at rates of fire at times of 115 shells per minute, 20,000 shells amounting to more than 600 tons, the naval bombardment did little damage, killed three and 61 wounded. General Butler made no attack, but withdrew, resulting in his relief and court martial. (p. 280-281). In the January bombardment, Porter ranged four ironclads about 700 yards from the fort, with an additional 44 ships’ bombardment with specific targets assigned for each ship. While the Confederates were repelling the landing party assault, General A. J. Terry secured two fort guns before his attack was discovered. Porter and Terry conducted the “best coordinated amphibious assault of the war” against the “most formidable position taken”. The scholar Admiral Bern Anderson mentions these were the successful naval gunnery tactics used in World War II in battles such as the Bombardment of Cherbourg.
^CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage The Fingal was converted to the ironclad CSS Atlanta. It made two sorties, was captured, repaired, and returned to service as the ironclad USS Atlanta supporting Grant's Siege of Petersburg.
^Anderson, Bern. “By Sea and by River: the naval history of the Civil War” 1962. Reprinted unabridged 1989 Da Capo paperback. ISBN 0-306-80367-4. p. 156-177.
A compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, volume 12, Cornell University, Making of America.
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, vol. 6 chap. 15, Operations on the Coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Middle and East Florida, Aug 21, 1861 – Apr 11, 1862. vol. 44, Vol. 14, Chap. 26. Government Printing Office. Cornell University, Making of America.
Davis, George B., Leslie J. Perry, and Joseph W. Kirkley 1894 Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Originally published in 1891, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Dyer, Frederick Henry, compiler, 1979 A compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Compiled and Arranged from Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of the ... Several States, the Army Registers, and Other ... Two Volumes. National Historical Society with the Press of Morningside Bookshop, Dayton, Ohio. Originally published in 1908.
備忘録と伝記
北軍
Gillmore, Quincy A. "The Siege and Reduction of Fort Pulaski" (1863) ISBN 0-939631-07-5
Weddle, Kevin J., "Lincoln's Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont" Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2005. ISBN 978-0-8139-2332-1
Wilson, Harold S. “Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War” 2002, ISBN 1-57806-462-7
教本
Erickson, Ansley. "War for Freedom: African-American Experiences in the Era of the Civil War, a web-based curriculum.” National Park Service. Pdf file created 2007. “Best practices” lesson plan, site supports student handouts. Though omitting primary and secondary sources (scan is truncated), generally meets requirements of the US Department of Education “Teaching American History” grant and teacher’s National Board Certification.
Fort McAllister, Richmond Hill, Georgia State Park. “Our Georgia History” recounts engagements with Union blockade, four in 1862, four in 1863, blockade runners, Sherman in 1864.