^Shaw, Wendy M. K. (12 June 2003). Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire. University of California Press. p. 2003. ISBN0-520-23335-2. "(Osman Hamdi)…His father, Ibrahim Edhem, was born in the Greek Orthodox village of Sakiz. After being captured as a prisoner of war during a village revolt, he was sold as a slave to the chief naval officer, Kaptan-ı Derya Hüsrev Pasha, the head of the Ottoman Navy, who would also soon serve as vizier to the sultan."
^Shankland, David (2004). Archaeology, anthropology, and heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia: the life and times of F.W. Hasluck, 1878–1920. Isis Press. p. 125. ISBN975-428-280-3. "Osman Hamdi Bey's father, Edhem Pasha (ca. 1818–1893) was a high official of the Empire. A Greek boy captured on Chios after the 1822 massacres, he was acquired and brought up by Hüsrev Pasha, who sent him to Paris in 1831 in order to acquire a western education."
^Littell, Eliakim (1888). The Living age. The Living Age Co.. p. 614. OCLC10173561. "Edhem Pasha was a Greek by birth, pure and unadulterated, having when an infant been stolen from the island of Chios at the time of the great massacre there"
^"Kaplumbağa Terbiyecisi", Osman Hamdi Bey'in Romanı, Emre Can, Kapı Yayınları, 2008, pp 200–201
^The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; "Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...".
^Wendy M.K. Shaw, Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and visualisation of history in the late Ottoman Empire. University of California Press 2003, p. 98 ISBN0-520-23335-2
^Bloom J. and Blair, S., The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009 Vol. 3, p.361
^Çelik, Zeynep (2016). About Antiquities: Politics of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 62–63
^Osman Hamdi Bey & Amerikalılar : arkeoloji, diplomasi sanat = Osman Hamdi Bey & the Americans : archaeology, diplomacy, art. Holod, Renata., Ousterhout, Robert G.. İstanbul. pp. 32. ISBN9789759123895. OCLC769236334
^Holod, Renata, Ousterhout, Robert (2011). Osman Hamdi Bey & Amerikalılar : Arkeoloji, Diplomasi, Sanat = Osman Hamdi Bey & the Americans : Archaeology, Diplomacy, Art.. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi. pp. 23. ISBN9789759123895. OCLC1030061364