Rapport gyromagnétique

Rapport gyromagnétique
Unités SI coulomb par kilogramme (C⋅kg−1).
Autres unités MHz⋅T−1
Dimension M −1·T·I
Base SI sAkg−1
Nature Grandeur scalaire intensive

En physique, le rapport gyromagnétique est le rapport entre le moment magnétique et le moment cinétique d'une particule. Son unité dans le Système international est le coulomb par kilogramme (C⋅kg−1). En pratique, on donne souvent , exprimé en mégahertz par tesla (MHz⋅T−1), essentiel en RMN.

Précession de Larmor

Tout système libre possédant un rapport gyromagnétique constant, (un atome d'hydrogène par exemple), placé dans un champ magnétique non aligné avec le moment magnétique du système, sera entraîné dans un mouvement de précession de Larmor à la fréquence telle que :

.

C'est pourquoi les valeurs de sont plus souvent données que .

Rapport gyromagnétique classique d'un corps

On considère un corps chargé en rotation autour d'un axe de symétrie. Ce corps possède donc un moment magnétique dipolaire et un moment cinétique à cause de sa rotation.

Par définition :

.

où :

est le rapport gyromagnétique,

est le moment magnétique du corps,

est son moment cinétique.

On peut montrer que tant que sa masse et sa charge suivent une distribution uniforme, son rapport gyromagnétique vaut :

est sa charge et sa masse.

La démonstration est la suivante : Il suffit de montrer le résultat pour une spire infinitésimale à l'intérieur du corps (comme il suffit après d'intégrer le résultat pour revenir au corps, d'où l'hypothèse d'une distribution uniforme).
Or, I = q n ; avec : q la charge et n le nombre de tours par seconde effectués par la charge.
La charge possède une vitesse angulaire définie par ω = 2π n. Or ω = v/r avec r rayon et v vitesse de rotation.
On obtient donc la relation suivante : I = qv/ 2πr
On suppose que la spire a un rayon , une aire , une masse , une charge , et un moment cinétique (où est bien orthogonale à pour un mouvement de précession.) Le moment dipolaire s'écrit dans ces conditions : D'où le résultat.

On peut également calculer le rapport gyromagnétique de l'électron si sa masse et sa charge suivent une distribution uniforme :

est sa charge, la charge élémentaire( -1,602×10-19 Coulomb ) et sa masse.

Rapport gyromagnétique des noyaux atomiques

Valeurs de rapports gyromagnétiques de certains noyaux atomiques communs (utilisés en RMN)[1]
Noyaux γ (106 rad⋅s−1⋅T−1) γ/2π (MHz/T) Noyaux γ (106 rad⋅s−1⋅T−1) γ/2π (MHz/T) Noyaux γ (106 rad⋅s−1⋅T−1) γ/2π (MHz/T)
1H 267,513 42,576 21Ne -21.130 -3.3629 55Mn 66,08 10,52
2H 41,066 6,536 23Na 70,8013 11,2684 59Co 63,17 10,05
3He -203,789 -32,434 25Mg -16,39 -2,609 61Ni -23,94 -3.810
7Li 103,962 16,546 27Al 69,760 11,103 63Cu 70,974 11,296
9Be -37,598 -5,9839 31P 108,291 17,235 65Cu 76,031 12,101
11B 85,843 13,662 33S 20,55 3,271 91Zr -24,959 -3,9723
13C 67,262 10,705 35Cl 26,240 4,1762 105Pd -12,3 -1,96
14N 19,338 3,0777 37Cl 21,842 3,4763 127I 53,817 8,565
15N -27,116 -4,316 39K 12,498 1,9891 129Xe -73,997 -11,777
17O -36,279 -5,774 51V 70,453 11,213 139La 38,01 6,049
19F 251,662 40,053 53Cr -15,12 -2,406 197Au 4,6254 0,7362

Références

  1. Nelson, J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Prentice Hall, Londres, 2003, (ISBN 0-13-033451-0)

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