Wendell Phillips Academy High School

Wendell Phillips Academy High School
Wendell Phillips Academy High School
Address
	244 East Pershing Road; Chicago, Illinois 60653; United States
Coordinates	41°49′28″N 87°37′11″W / 41.82444°N 87.61972°W
Information
School type	Public; Secondary;
Motto	"The Premiere South Side School of Choice."
Opened	September 4, 1904
School district	Chicago Public Schools
CEEB code	141375
NCES School ID	170993001061
Principal	Rashad J. Talley
Grades	9–12
Gender	Coed
Enrollment	401 (2023–2024)
Area	Urban
Color(s)	Blue; White
Athletics conference	Chicago Public League
Team name	Wildcats
Accreditation	North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
Yearbook	Phillipsite
Website	phillipshs.org

Wendell Phillips Academy High School is a public 4–year high school located in the Bronzeville neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Opened in September 1904, Phillips is part of the Chicago Public Schools district and is managed by the Academy for Urban School Leadership. Phillips is named for the American abolitionist Wendell Phillips.^[5] Phillips is known as the first predominantly African-American high school in the City of Chicago. Phillips' building was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 7, 2003.^[6]

History

The high school traces its history to 1875, when South Division High School was opened as the south side's first public high school. Phillips was established by Chicago Board of Education in 1900 to replace South Division, (which was located near 26th street and Wabash Avenue, about two miles from Phillips location) after community members petitioned for a new school due to the location being deemed "altogether unfit" and the need to provide a more modern building for the south side community. By 1903, the school was nearly complete and was scheduled to open in September of that year. Due to labor issues between August and December 1903, the last construction on the school was halted.^[7] Construction resumed in January 1904 and was completed by May 1904. Constructed in the Classical Revival style, Phillips was designed by architect William B. Mundie.^[8] Phillips opened for the 1904–1905 school year on September 4, 1904. The school was named for Wendell Phillips (1811–1884), the staunch abolitionist and advocate for Native Americans. He was one of the leading members of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

When its new Phillips campus opened in 1904, the school was still predominantly attended by the wealthy children of Chicago's south side mansions, but this soon changed. Changing demographics resulted from the Great Migration, by which millions of African Americans left the rural South for northern and midwestern industrial cities, including Chicago. By 1907, 90 black students had enrolled at Phillips.^[9] Early yearbooks portray a racial mix in the student body, but by 1920 the school had become Chicago's first predominantly African American high school.^[10] In 1924, the Chicago Board of Education created a junior high school within Phillips, serving seventh and eighth grades. By 1928, Phillips student population exceeded the capacity of the school building in which the district instituted the use of portable classrooms and the implementation of two half-day shifts.

In 1929, the Board of Education voted to build a new school in the Bronzeville neighborhood, naming it The New Wendell Phillips High School at 49th and Wabash Avenue due to overcrowding at Phillips. Economic conditions during the Great Depression slowed the work on the building; it was finally completed on February 4, 1935. Shortly before the completion of the new building, Phillips "mysteriously" caught fire on January 28, 1935, making it necessary for the students to move to the new school in February 1935. The new school was then named Jean Baptiste Point DuSable High School, after Chicago's first permanent non-native settler in April 1936. During the initial move to the new school, the board decided to only house sophomore, juniors and seniors in the new building due to limited space. The freshmen classes remained at the undamaged section of Phillips. A new wing was later built on the Phillips site in late–1936, serving as an elementary school after junior high schools in Chicago were discontinued in 1933.^[11]

The new wing included a new assembly hall, gymnasium, swimming pool, lunchroom, and chorus and band rooms. In November 1937, several classrooms in the new wing of the school caught fire before its initial completion, repairs were later made. During the 1940s, Phillips offered courses for adults which became known as Evening School. Phillips experienced overcrowding in the elementary wing of the school which led to a 20-classroom extension being built in 1944. By the early 1960s, Phillips students attended classes in three shifts due to overcrowding; estimated 2,200 students enrolled by 1964.^{[citation needed]} The alumni association and principal Ernestine D. Curry established the Wendell Phillips High School Hall of Fame in 1979.^[12]

Principals

Below is a list of individuals that have served as principal of Wendell Phillips Academy High School since the opening of the school in 1904.

Spencer R. Smith (1904–1917)
Charles H. Perrine (1917–1921)
Albert W. Evans (1921–1926)
Chauncey C. Willard (1926–1935)
William H. Page (1935–1937)
William Abrams (1937–1939)
Maudelle B. Bousfield (1939–1950)
Virginia F. Lewis (1950–1961)
Robert E. Lewis (1961–1965)
Alonzo A. Crim (1965–1968)
William Finch (1968–1971)
Daniel W. Caldwell (1971–1975)
Ernestine D. Curry (1975–1990)
Juanita T. Tucker (1990–1997)
Beverly LaCoste (1997–2001)
Bertha Buchanan (2002–2004)
Euel Bunton (2004–2010)
Terrence A. Little (2010)
Devon Q. Horton (2010–2014)
Matthew G. Sullivan (2014–2021)
Virag C. Nanavati (2021–2022)
Rashad J. Talley (2022–present)

Other information

Phillips was used as the setting and shooting location for the movie Save the Last Dance, released in 2001.^[13]

The Savoy Big Five

During the late 1920s, members of the school's winning basketball team were drafted by Abe Saperstein, a Chicago Park District employee,^[14] to form the nucleus of a group that later became the Harlem Globetrotters.^[8]^[10] They were initially called "The Savoy Big Five," taking their new name from Bronzeville's Savoy Ballroom.^[15] Those players included Tommy Brookings, Hillery Brown, George Easter, William "Razor" Frazier, Roosevelt Hudson, Inman "Big Jack" Jackson, Lester Johnson, Byron "Fat" Long, William "Kid" Oliver, Al "Runt" Pullins, Randolph Ramsey, Ted Strong and Walter "Toots" Wright.^[16]^[17]

Academics

Phillips Academy High School is rated a 1 out of 10 by GreatSchools.org, a national school quality information site. ^[18] GreatSchools’ Summary Rating is based on four of the school’s themed ratings: the Test Score Rating, Student or Academic Progress Rating, College Readiness Rating, and Equity Rating and flags for discipline and attendance disparities at a school.

Curriculum

Phillips is a High School Transformation and Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) school and offers Advanced Placement (AP) courses as well as honors courses as part of its academic curriculum. It provides a positive learning environment through an academic curriculum promoting literacy and inquiry-based learning. AP courses are offered in U.S. history, Biology, and English. Honors courses are offered in 15 subjects. Education To Careers (ETC) programs are offered in fashion design, graphic communications, and drafting. Phillips also features a Junior Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps (JAFROTC) program^[19] and a health clinic to serve the needs of its students.^[20] Enrollment is open to students living in its attendance area; if space is available, students outside the area may apply.

Extracurricular activities

In addition to its longstanding sports program, Phillips offers students the opportunity to participate in Student Council, Air Force (AFJROTC), a school Newspaper Club, the Book Club, the Culture Club, a Music Production Project, an Entrepreneurial Project, Junior Achievement, yearbook, and a debate Team.

Community partners

Phillips community and university partners include the University of Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology, Ada S. McKinley Educational Talent Search, City Year Chicago, Dawson Skills Center, Carnegie Learning, Field Museum, Kaplan, Center for New Horizons, and Project Strive.^[20] In 2010, Phillips became a turnaround school in an effort to lower the school's one–year dropout rate of 66.8 percent.^[21] The school received the Spotlight on Technology award from the Chicago Public Schools leadership technology summit in 2013.^[22] The school's attendance boundary includes areas of the South Side, Chinatown, and portions of the Chicago Loop.^[23]

Athletics

Phillips competes in the Chicago Public League (CPL) and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA). The schools sports teams are nicknamed Wildcats. Phillips athletic teams have had a history of success. The boys' basketball team won the state Class AA title in 1974–75 and city of Chicago champions in 1976. The boys' track and field team placed first in 1901–02, 1905–06, 1942–43, 1949–50, 1950–51 and 1961–62.^[24]

The girls' basketball team were regional champions in 2012–13. [1] The 2014–15 Wildcats football team was the IHSA class 4A runner–up, making them the second CPS program and the first in 32 years to play in an IHSA football championship game. In the 2015–16 season, Phillips returned to the 4A finals and defeated Belleville Althoff 51–7 to become the first Chicago public league team to win a state championship in football, and for the second time in three years, they became the state champions again in 2017 in the 5A division, defeating Dunlap 33–7.

Notable alumni

Pastor T. L. Barrett (attended) — minister and gospel recording artist.
Timuel Black (attended) — Historian and civil rights activist.
Gwendolyn Brooks (attended) — author, first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize^[25]^[26]^[12]
Hillery Brown — professional basketball player^[27]
Archibald Carey, Jr (1926) — lawyer, judge, politician, diplomat and clergyman^[8]^[28]^[12]
Jodie Christian (attended) — jazz musician^[29]^[12]
Darius Clemons (1978) — basketball player ^[30]
Nat "King" Cole (attended) — ^[10] singer, musician and recording star in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^[31]^[12]
Sam Cooke (attended) — Soul and gospel recording star in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^[32]^[12]
Earl B. Dickerson (attended) — attorney and business executive.^[33]^[12]
Osiris Eldridge (2006) — professional basketball player.
Mary G. Evans (attended) — minister, who served as pastor of Chicago's Cosmopolitan Community Church from 1932 until 1966.^[12]
Wilson Frost (1943) — politician, Chicago alderman^[34]^[12]
Marla Gibbs (1949) — Emmy Award-winning actress, singer and comedian (The Jeffersons, 227).^[35]^[36]^[12]
Lucius Perry Gregg, Jr. — fourth African American to graduate from United States Naval Academy, the first with honors; first African American to receive a graduate degree in Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; first African American Dean of Science (Associate) from a major university, Northwestern University^[37]
Alvin Hall — former NFL player
Carl "Buster" Smith (1921) — former checkers player^{[citation needed]}
Vivian G. Harsh (1909) — Librarian and historian, noted as the Chicago Public Library (CPL) system's first African American librarian.^[38]^[39]
Bernie Hayes — broadcast journalist.^[40]
Herbie Hancock (attended) — jazz musician.^[41]^{[citation needed]}
Chris Hinton — NFL player, Baltimore Colts, Atlanta Falcons and Minnesota Vikings
Milt Hinton — jazz musician.^[42] ^{[citation needed]}
Paul Des Jardien — member of College Football Hall of Fame^[32]
George E. Johnson, Sr. (attended) — businessman, founder, Johnson Products, the first African American owned company listed on American Stock Exchange^[32]^[43]^[12]
John H. Johnson (attended) — founder of Johnson Publishing Company (Ebony, Jet), and the first African-American on the Forbes list of the richest 400 Americans.^[44]^[12]
George Kirby — comedian, actor and singer.^[42]
Gerri Major (1912) — journalist, editor and author.^{[citation needed]}
Billy Martin — former professional NFL halfback^[45]
Ira Murchison (1951) — sprinter, gold medalist at 1956 Olympic Games.^[12]
Lee Roy Murphy (attended) — professional boxer.
Larry Murray (1971) — MLB professional baseball player (New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics).^[46]
Ray Nance — jazz trumpeter.^[47]^[12]
Guy Ousley (attended) — Negro league shortstop.^[48]
Alonzo S. Parham — second African American to attend West Point^[49]
Polo G (attended) – rapper.^{[citation needed]}
Mike Pruitt (1972) — NFL player, first round seventh overall pick in the 1976 NFL Draft (Cleveland Browns).^[50]
Al Pullins – original member of Harlem Globetrotters^{[citation needed]}
Ted Double Duty Radcliffe (1920) — member of Baseball Hall of Fame^[32]
William Clintard "Bill" Robinzine (1971) — NBA basketball player (1975–1982).^[51]
Charles Skyles, state legislator in Illinois
Dinah Washington (attended) — singer, recording artist in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^[12]
Mary T. Washington — the first African-American woman CPA^[12]
Frances Cress Welsing — psychiatrist, author of The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors
Steven Williams (attended) — actor.^[42]^[52]
Claude "Buddy" Young — Pro Football Hall of Famer, the first African-American executive hired by a major sports league (NFL).^[53]

Notable staff

Maudelle B. Bousfield – educator and school administrator, (principal of Phillips from 1939 until 1950) noted as the first African–African to serve as principal in a Chicago public school.^[54]^[42]
Captain Walter Dyett – violinist and assistant music instructor at the school.^[55]^[56]
Mildred Bryant Jones – musician, educator, and first African-American director of music Wendell Phillips.^[57]

References

^ "Wendell Phillips Academy High School". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 30 September 1999.
^ "High School Code Search". College Board. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ "Search for Public Schools - Phillips Academy High School (170993001061)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ "Chicago Public Schools: Wendell Phillips Acad HS". Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ "The Annotated Baseball Stories of Ring W. Lardner, 1914-1919 (By Ring Lardner, George W. Hilton)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
^ "Wendell Phillips High School". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
^ "Preecedings, Jan 21, 1903". Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "House Resolution". Illinois General Assembly. 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ McCants Sr., Raymond. "A Brief History of Wendell Phillips Highschool". Wendell Phillips High School Centennial Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Wendell Phillips High School". Chicago Department of Planning and Development. 2003-05-07. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ Education & the Great Depression: Lessons from a Global History (By David Hicks) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jet, Dec 6, 1979 Archived September 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Save The Last Dance". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ Sanders, Carla (2004-01-09). "Globetrotters Commemoration Day". Wendell Phillips High School Centennial Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ "Chicago's Globetrotters". WTTW - Chicago. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ "All-Time Roster". Harlem Globetrotters. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ Pioneers of the Hardwood: Indiana and the Birth of Professional Basketball (By Todd Gould).Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Best High Schools in Chicago, IL | GreatSchools". GreatSchools.org. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
^ "Chicago Air Force JROTC Schools". Chicago JROTC. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ ^a ^b "Wendell Phillips Academy High School". Chicago Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ "Hard work starts at Chicago high school turnarounds - Catalyst Chicago (September 7, 2010)". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
^ "Chicago Public Schools: Spotlight on Technology Award". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
^ "West/Central/South High Schools" (Archive). Chicago Public Schools. May 17, 2013. Retrieved on May 25, 2015.
^ "IHSA Chicago (Phillips)". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
^ Rhoades, Mark (2006-10-24). "Illinois Hall of Fame: Gwendolyn Brooks". the Illinois State Society. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ "Gwendolyn Brooks Biography Poet (1917–2000)". Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
^ "Hillery Brown statistics". Just Sports Stats. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ "African American Preachers and Politics: The Careys of Chicago (By Dennis C. Dickerson)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
^ Lewis, George E. (2008). A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music. University of Chicago Press.
^ Smith, Sam (February 17, 1985). "Former Loyola Star Home Among Farrakhan's Flock". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
^ Jet, March 4, 1965 Archived September 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bell, Taylor (2008-04-09). "Phillips Wildcats". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
^ Chicago Public Library, Earl B. Dickerson Papers Archived 2019-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Wilson Frost, trailblazing black alderman, dies at 92". Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
^ The Historymakers (Marla Gibbs) Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Chicago Sun-Times, It's back to school for native south side actress Marla Gibbs, September 19, 2011". Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ Gregg, Lucius (2007-04-17). "Lucius Perry Gregg". The History Makers. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
^ "Vivian G. Harsh, Librarian, and Historian born (5/27/1890)". Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
^ "Chicago Tribune, Flashback: A heroine history, Vivian G. Harsh, Chicago's first black librarian, 31 January 2020". Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "The Death of Black Radio: The Story of America's Black Radio Personalities (By Bernie Hayes)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
^ A Political Education: Black Politics and Education Reform in Chicago since (By Elizabeth Todd-Breland) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chicago Tribune, Phillips High School is cradle of history , December 15, 2002 Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "George E. Johnson was a natural businessman". African American Registry. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
^ "African American Millionaires (By Otha Richard Sullivan)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
^ "Billy Martin Stats, Height, Weight, Position Draft, College". Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
^ 1971 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook
^ Sacred Ground: The Chicago Streets of Timuel Black (By Timuel D. Black) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ Burley, Dan (March 29, 1930). "Phillips Lights Drop Championship in Overtime Game to Calumet High Five" Archived 2023-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. The Chicago Defender. p. 8. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ "Chronology of African American Military Service: World War I to World War II". Redstone. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-06-14. Alonzo Parham entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the first black cadet to be accepted since the graduation of Charles R. Young in 1889.
^ 1972 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook
^ 1971 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook
^ "The Great Black Music Project, Steven Williams, actor". Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
^ "Buddy Young, Ex-Football Star". The New York Times. 1983-09-06. Archived from the original on 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Notable Black American Women, Book 2 (By Jessie Carney Smith) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Gene Ammons: The Jug". biographic sketch. National Public Radio. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010. Some of Ammons' stylistic versatility can undoubtedly be traced to his Chicago home ... He also learned from the renowned "Captain" Walter Dyett, the musical director of Chicago's DuSable High School. Dyett was instrumental in launching the careers of many other DuSable alumni, including the legendary crooner and pianist Nat "King" Cole and fellow saxophonist Johnny Griffin.
^ "Saluting Capt. Walter Dyett, who made stars at DuSable: Chicago Tribune (August 21, 2013)". Archived from the original on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
^ The Crisis 1919-12: Vol 19 Iss 2. The Crisis Publishing Company. 1919.

External links

Official website

[1] "Wendell Phillips Academy High School". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 30 September 1999.

[2] "High School Code Search". College Board. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2013.

[NCES-3] "Search for Public Schools - Phillips Academy High School (170993001061)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 9 May 2021.

[4] "Chicago Public Schools: Wendell Phillips Acad HS". Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

[5] "The Annotated Baseball Stories of Ring W. Lardner, 1914-1919 (By Ring Lardner, George W. Hilton)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

[6] "Wendell Phillips High School". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-05-18.

[7] "Preecedings, Jan 21, 1903". Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

[Resolution-8] "House Resolution". Illinois General Assembly. 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[Centennial-9] McCants Sr., Raymond. "A Brief History of Wendell Phillips Highschool". Wendell Phillips High School Centennial Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[Landmark-10] "Wendell Phillips High School". Chicago Department of Planning and Development. 2003-05-07. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[11] Education & the Great Depression: Lessons from a Global History (By David Hicks) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[J79-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Jet, Dec 6, 1979 Archived September 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[13] "Save The Last Dance". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-16.

[14] Sanders, Carla (2004-01-09). "Globetrotters Commemoration Day". Wendell Phillips High School Centennial Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[15] "Chicago's Globetrotters". WTTW - Chicago. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[16] "All-Time Roster". Harlem Globetrotters. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[17] Pioneers of the Hardwood: Indiana and the Birth of Professional Basketball (By Todd Gould).Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[18] "Best High Schools in Chicago, IL | GreatSchools". GreatSchools.org. Retrieved 2024-07-25.

[19] "Chicago Air Force JROTC Schools". Chicago JROTC. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[ChicagoPublic-20] "Wendell Phillips Academy High School". Chicago Public Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[21] "Hard work starts at Chicago high school turnarounds - Catalyst Chicago (September 7, 2010)". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.

[22] "Chicago Public Schools: Spotlight on Technology Award". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-10-17.

[23] "West/Central/South High Schools" (Archive). Chicago Public Schools. May 17, 2013. Retrieved on May 25, 2015.

[24] "IHSA Chicago (Phillips)". Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2012-09-03.

[25] Rhoades, Mark (2006-10-24). "Illinois Hall of Fame: Gwendolyn Brooks". the Illinois State Society. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[26] "Gwendolyn Brooks Biography Poet (1917–2000)". Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2019-11-18.

[27] "Hillery Brown statistics". Just Sports Stats. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.

[28] "African American Preachers and Politics: The Careys of Chicago (By Dennis C. Dickerson)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

[29] Lewis, George E. (2008). A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music. University of Chicago Press.

[30] Smith, Sam (February 17, 1985). "Former Loyola Star Home Among Farrakhan's Flock". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2012.

[31] Jet, March 4, 1965 Archived September 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 17, 2019.

[Wildcats-32] Bell, Taylor (2008-04-09). "Phillips Wildcats". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[33] Chicago Public Library, Earl B. Dickerson Papers Archived 2019-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[34] "Wilson Frost, trailblazing black alderman, dies at 92". Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2019-03-02.

[35] The Historymakers (Marla Gibbs) Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[36] "Chicago Sun-Times, It's back to school for native south side actress Marla Gibbs, September 19, 2011". Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[37] Gregg, Lucius (2007-04-17). "Lucius Perry Gregg". The History Makers. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

[38] "Vivian G. Harsh, Librarian, and Historian born (5/27/1890)". Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02.

[39] "Chicago Tribune, Flashback: A heroine history, Vivian G. Harsh, Chicago's first black librarian, 31 January 2020". Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.

[40] "The Death of Black Radio: The Story of America's Black Radio Personalities (By Bernie Hayes)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

[41] A Political Education: Black Politics and Education Reform in Chicago since (By Elizabeth Todd-Breland) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[TRI-42] Chicago Tribune, Phillips High School is cradle of history , December 15, 2002 Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[43] "George E. Johnson was a natural businessman". African American Registry. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-18.

[44] "African American Millionaires (By Otha Richard Sullivan)". Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-03-16.

[45] "Billy Martin Stats, Height, Weight, Position Draft, College". Archived from the original on 2023-06-18. Retrieved 2023-06-18.

[46] 1971 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook

[47] Sacred Ground: The Chicago Streets of Timuel Black (By Timuel D. Black) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[48] Burley, Dan (March 29, 1930). "Phillips Lights Drop Championship in Overtime Game to Calumet High Five" Archived 2023-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. The Chicago Defender. p. 8. Retrieved July 10, 2021.

[49] "Chronology of African American Military Service: World War I to World War II". Redstone. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-06-14. Alonzo Parham entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the first black cadet to be accepted since the graduation of Charles R. Young in 1889.

[50] 1972 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook

[51] 1971 Wendell Phillips High School, Phillipsite Yearbook

[52] "The Great Black Music Project, Steven Williams, actor". Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2019-11-18.

[53] "Buddy Young, Ex-Football Star". The New York Times. 1983-09-06. Archived from the original on 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2017-02-20.

[54] Notable Black American Women, Book 2 (By Jessie Carney Smith) Archived 2023-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.Retrieved November 18, 2019.

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