W76

W76
W76
	The W76 warhead and Mk-4 re-entry vehicle (cutaway diagram) – Los Alamos National Labs image
Type	Nuclear weapon
Service history
In service	1978–present
Used by	United States and possibly the United Kingdom (see Trident Nuclear Program)
Production history
Designer	Los Alamos National Laboratory
Designed	W76-0 1973–1978, W76-2 2018
Manufacturer	Pantex Plant
Produced	W76-0 1978–1987 (full production), W76-1 2008-2018 (LEP), W76-2 2018-FY2024
No. built	~3,400
Variants	3
Specifications
Mass	95 kg
Detonation; mechanism	Contact, airburst
Blast yield	100 kt (W76-0) ; 90 kt (W76-1) ; 5–7 kt (W76-2)

The W76 is an American thermonuclear warhead, designed for use on the UGM-96 Trident I submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and subsequently moved to the UGM-133 Trident II as Trident I was phased out of service. The first variant, the W76 mod 0 (W76-0) was manufactured from 1978 to 1987, and was gradually replaced by the W76 mod 1 (W76-1) between 2008 and 2018, completely replacing the Mod 0 in the active stockpile. In 2018 it was announced that some Mod 1 warheads would be converted to a new low-yield W76 mod 2 (W76-2) version. The first Mod 2 warheads were deployed in late 2019.

History

The warhead was initially manufactured from 1978 to 1987 and designed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was initially fitted to the Trident I SLBM system, but after the Rocky Flats plant where its successor the W88 was being made was shut down in 1989 after a production run of only 400 warheads, it was decided to transfer W76 warheads to Trident II.^[2]

A life extension program (LEP) for 800 warheads was approved by the US government in 2000, then later increased to 2,000.^[3] The purpose of the LEP was to extend service life by 20 years and add new safety features. Production on the W76-1 started in September 2008 and the National Nuclear Security Administration completed updating all W76-0 warheads to the W76-1 design in December 2018.^[4]

The 2018 Nuclear Posture Review announced that a new variant, the W76-2, would be manufactured.^[5] The W76-2 variant is described as a low-yield warhead, estimated at 5-7 kilotons of TNT equivalent.^[6] The National Nuclear Security Administration announced that it had started to manufacture the W76-2 in January 2019. Initial operating capability was expected in the final quarter of 2019,^[7] and manufacturing is expected to last through FY2024^[8] at the Pantex Plant.^[9] According to FAS, the W76-2 warhead was first deployed with USS Tennessee during its late 2019 operational patrol.^[10] The US Department of Defense confirmed in February 2020 that W76-2 had been 'fielded'.^[11]

The warhead is currently the most numerous weapon in the US nuclear arsenal,^[12] having replaced the 50 kt W68 that was fitted to the Poseidon SLBM in that capacity.

The United Kingdom operates a nuclear weapon based on the W76 mod-1 design under the name "Holbrook".^[13]^[14]

Design

The W76-0 had a design yield of 100 kt while its replacement the W76-1 has a yield of 90 kt. The W76-2 has an estimated yield of 5 to 7 kt.^[15]

The W76-0 was fitted inside a Mk4 reentry vehicle (reentry body in US Navy parlance) while the W76-1 and -2 are fitted inside the new Mk4A reentry vehicle. Reentry vehicle and warhead weight is estimated to be approximately 95 kilograms (209 lb).^[1]

During the W76-1 LEP, the warhead was fitted with a new MC4700 arming, fuzing and firing (AF&F) system, the so-called "super-fuze". The MC4700 AF&F system increases warhead kill probabilities against hard targets such as silos and bunkers. It achieves this by first calculating the range to the target outside of the atmosphere (i.e. before the atmosphere can alter the warhead's trajectory) and then continuously calculates its position on a line based on acceleration. If the contact fuze is actuated (such as falling short or striking on target) the warhead detonates, but if the fuze calculates it has overshot the target it detonates the warhead before it can leave the kill radius of the target (the kill radius is a sphere, not a circle). In comparison, a warhead without such a smart fuze would when overshooting a target, continue flying, leaving kill radius where detonating would destroy the target, and impact the ground which would actuate the impact fuze and detonate the warhead, outside the kill radius.^[16]