Ulex europaeus

Common gorse
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Genus:	Ulex
Species:	U. europaeus
Binomial name
	Ulex europaeus; L.

Ulex europaeus, the gorse, common gorse, furze or whin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Western Europe.^[2]

Description

Growing to 2–3 metres (7–10 ft) tall, it is an evergreen shrub. The young stems are green, with the shoots and leaves modified into green spines, 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) long.^[3] Young seedlings produce normal leaves for the first few months; these are trifoliate, resembling a small clover leaf.

The solitary flowers are yellow, 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long, with the pea-flower structure typical of the Fabaceae; they are produced throughout the year, but mainly over a long period in spring. They are coconut-scented.^[3] The fruit is a legume (pod) 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long, dark purplish-brown, partly enclosed by the pale brown remnants of the flower; the pod contains 2–3 small blackish, shiny, hard seeds, which are ejected when the pod splits open in hot weather. Seeds remain viable for 30 years.

Like many species of gorse, it is often a fire-climax plant, which readily catches fire but re-grows from the roots after the fire; the seeds are also adapted to germinate after slight scorching by fire. It has a tap root, lateral and adventitious roots. An extremely tough and hardy plant, it survives temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F).^[4] It can live for about thirty years.

Invasive species

The species has been introduced to other areas of Europe, and also to the Americas, New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia,^[5]^[6] where it is often considered a weed and is a serious problem invasive species in some areas (notably the western United States, Chile and New Zealand). It was introduced to New Zealand from Britain as a type of hedge, but became a major blight to farmers as the climate suited its growth better than its native habitat and many of its natural predators were absent.

Common gorse is also an invasive species in the montane grasslands of Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. It outcompetes native, endemic species and is a fire hazard.^[7]

Biological pest control is used on this plant in many areas. The gorse spider mite (Tetranychus lintearius) and the gorse seed weevil (Exapion ulicis) reduce the spread of the plant.

Cultivation

This plant is used for hedging, boundary definition and groundcover in suitably sunny, open locations. Cultivars include 'Strictus' (Irish gorse), a dwarf form, and the double-flowered, non-fruiting 'Flore Pleno', which has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[8]^[9]

Uses

Bruised gorse was used in some areas for feeding to horses and other livestock.^[10]

Lectin extracted from seeds of this species binds to, is remarkably specific for, and is the standard method for identification of H substance (absent in the hh antigen system) on human red blood cells. The vast majority of humans express H substance, which is the basis for the ABO blood group system, but a few rare individuals ("Bombay phenotype") do not—and a chemical isolated from Ulex europaeus is used to identify these individuals. This lectin is also used as a marker for human vascular endothelial cells,^[11] and as a tool for their isolation for in-vitro culture.^[12]

Like other legumes, it fixes nitrogen into the soil.^[7]

References

^ Contu, S. & Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Ulex europaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19891755A86138815. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T19891755A86138815.en. Retrieved 17 January 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Ulex europaeus L." Kew Science: Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1062. ISBN 9781405332965.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Ulex europaeus". Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Weeds of National Significance (WONS)". www.environment.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia – Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ "European gorse | Ulex europaeus – Invasives Species South Africa". 2014-08-19. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19.
^ ^a ^b Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, p. 88–89.
^ "RHS Plant Selector – Ulex europaeus 'Flore Pleno'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 103. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Aiton, William (1811). General View of The Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful Engravings. Glasgow. p. 441
^ Holthöfer, H.; Virtanen, I.; Kariniemi, A. L.; Hormia, M.; Linder, E.; Miettinen, A. (July 1982). "Ulex europaeus I lectin as a marker for vascular endothelium in human tissues". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 47 (1): 60–66. ISSN 0023-6837. PMID 6177923.
^ Catravas, John D.; Snead, Connie; Dimitropoulou, Christiana; Chang, Albert S.Y.; Lucas, Rudolf; Verin, Alexander D.; Black, Stephen M. (2010). "Harvesting, identification and barrier function of human lung microvascular endothelial cells". Vascular Pharmacology. 52 (5–6): 175–181. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2009.12.009. PMC 4374552. PMID 20060932.