Trans-acting

In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting (trans-regulatory, trans-regulation), in general, means "acting from a different molecule" (i.e., intermolecular). It may be considered the opposite of cis-acting (cis-regulatory, cis-regulation), which, in general, means "acting from the same molecule" (i.e., intramolecular).

In the context of transcription regulation, a trans-acting factor is usually a regulatory protein that binds to DNA.^[1] The binding of a trans-acting factor to a cis-regulatory element in DNA can cause changes in transcriptional expression levels. microRNAs or other diffusible molecules are also examples of trans-acting factors that can regulate target sequences.^[2] The trans-acting gene may be on a different chromosome to the target gene, but the activity is via the intermediary protein or RNA that it encodes. Cis-acting elements, on the other hand, do not code for protein or RNA. Both the trans-acting gene and the protein/RNA that it encodes are said to "act in trans" on the target gene.

Transcription factors are categorized as trans-acting factors.

References

^ Brooker, Robert J. Genetics: analysis and principles (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
^ Watson, James D.; Caudy, Amy A; Myers, Richard M.; Witkowski, Jan A. (2007). Recombinant DNA: Genes and Genomes - A Short Course. Cold Spring Harbor Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-7167-2866-5.